1.
A person urinates more often in the rainy season than in the dry season because
more sweat evaporates from the skin.
less sweat evaporates from the skin.
his kidney works faster
he drinks less water.
Answer: B
When the weather is hot, our body system tries to keep our body cool by evaporating the water along with unwanted things (sweating) through the skin in the form of perspiration. So, skin helps the kidney by sharing its work of cleaning the body in hot weather. In cold conditions, as sweating is much decreased, there is no perspiration and the kidney has to bear the entire burden of excretion and hence we urinate frequently.
2.
A boy exerts a force of 40.0 N to lift a load into a vehicle. If the work done is 80.0 J, calculate the distance through which the load is lifted.
0.5 m
2.0 m
40.0 m
120.0 m
3200.0 m
Answer: B
Work done = Force x Distance
Distance =
Work done = 80.0 J
Force = 40.0 N
Distance = = 2 m
3.
Which of the following processes could be used to obtain water from a salt solution?
Filtration
Decantation
Evaporation
Distillation
Answer: D
4.
Artificial satellites can be used for
I. communication.
II. oil and gas exploration.
III. meteorological studies.
I only
II only
I and II only
I, II and III
Answer: D
5.
A non-reactive metal can be identified from other metals because its surface is
hard.
shiny.
smooth.
rough.
Answer: B
6.
The following characteristics are features of all living things except ability to
bring forth young ones.
excrete.
grow.
move from place to place.
Answer: D
7.
A car head lamp lights up when connected to a battery. What type of energy is obtained from the battery?
Chemical energy
Electrical energy
Heat energy
Light energy
Potential energy
Answer: B
8.
Blood is prevented from flowing back into the veins by the
arteries.
capillaries.
heart.
valves.
Answer: D
9.
The by-product of photosynthesis is
carbon dioxide.
starch.
oxygen.
water.
Answer: C
Equation of photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
This means that the reactants, six carbon dioxide molecules and six water molecules, are converted by light energy captured by chlorophyll (implied by the arrow) into a sugar molecule and six oxygen molecules, the products.
10.
Which of the following insect(s) show(s) the egg, nymph and adult stages in its life cycle?
I. Grasshopper
II. Housefly
III. Mosquito
I only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II and III
Answer: A
Grasshopper life cycle
Grasshoppers are hemimetabolous insects. Hence, their life cycle consists of three stages – the egg, the nymph, and the adult.
Housefly life cycle
The life cycle of housefly comprises four stages namely, egg, larva, pupa and adult.
Mosquito life cycle
Life cycle of mosquito consists of four stages namely, egg, larval, pupal, and adult.
11.
The importance of fuse in an electrical circuit is to
regulate the voltage.
prevent damage to electrical appliances.
alter the flow of current in the circuit.
minimize the use of current.
Answer: B
12.
The work done by force of 20 N on a body is 60 J. Calculate the distance through which the force moved
8.0 m
4.0 m
3.0 m
2.0 m
Answer: C
Work done = Force x Distance
Distance =
Work done = 60 J
Force = 20 N
Distance = = 3 m
13.
Determine the potential energy of a block of mass 2 kg placed on a building 10 m tall. [g = 10 ms-2]
20 J
50 J
100 J
200 J
Answer: D
Potential energy = mass x acceleration due to gravity x height
P.E = mgh
P.E = 2 x 10 x 10 J = 200 J
14.
An omnivore is an animal that feeds on
raw food.
fresh foods.
cooked foods.
all kinds of food.
Answer: D
15.
Which of the following states of matter are fluids
I. Solid
II. Liquid
III. Gas
I and II only
I and III only
II and III only
I, II and III
Answer: C
A fluid is matter that flows when a force is applied to it. All gases and all liquids are fluids.
16.
Answer: D
17.
The reason for chewing food before swallowing is to
soften the food
make digestion faster
cause saliva to flow out
exercise the jaws
Answer: A
18.
The process whereby soil is formed by the breakdown of rocks is called
composting.
erosion.
leaching.
weathering.
Answer: D
19.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of all living things?
Transpiration
Growth
Reproduction
Feeding
Answer: A
20.
The brain and the spinal cord are part of the
digestive system
circulatory system
respiratory system
nervous system
Answer: D
21.
The method of preserving food by drying is similar to salting because in both cases germs are
deprived of the air needed for growth.
deprived of the water needed for growth.
destroyed at high temperatures.
destroyed at low temperatures.
Answer: B
22.
Which of the following substances is a compound?
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Water
Answer: D
23.
Which of the following activities does not relate to the principles of pressure in the daily lives of humans?
Drinking straw in use by the people at a party
Pumping air into car tyres
Filling of gallons with air
A person jerking forward when a speeding car suddenly stops.
Answer: D
24.
What is the work done when a force of 2.5 N moves through a distance of 4 m?
0.6 J
1.5 J
1.6 J
6.5 J
Answer: E
Work done = Force x Distance
Force = 2.5 N
2.5 =
Distance = 4 m
Work done = 2.5 x 4 = x 4 = 10 J
Note:
1. 2 divides 4, 2 times and 10, 5 times
2. 5 divides itself 1 time and 25, 5 times
3. 5 x 2 = 10
4. The unit of work done is Joule (J)
Alternatively
2.5 = 2.⌒5. = 25 x 10-1
2.5 x 4 = 25 x 10-1 x 4
2.5 x 4 = 25 x 4 x 10-1
2.5 x 4 = 100 x 10-1
100 = 10 x 10 = 101 + 1 = 102
2.5 x 4 = 102 x 10-1
Law of multiplication of indices
am x an = am + m
2.5 x 4 = 102 + -1
2.5 x 4 = 102 - 1
2.5 x 4 = 101
Any number raised to the power 1 is the same number.
2.5 x 4 = 10
25.
Which of the following chemical symbols is that of a metal?
Ca
Ne
P
S
Answer: A
26.
Which of the following plants is propagated vegetatively?
apple
coconut
pawpaw
pear
Answer: E
27.
Day and night occur because the earth
moves round the sun.
moves from east to west.
moves round the moon.
rotates on its axis.
Answer: D
28.
Metals are able to conduct electricity because they possess
free electrons.
neutrons.
atoms.
free protons.
Answer: A
An electric current is a flow of charged particles, such as electrons or ions, moving through an electrical conductor or space.
29.
Which of the following mixtures can be separated by filtration?
Salt in water
Sugar in water
Sand in water
Oil in water
Answer: C
30.
An example of a semi-metal is
silicon
carbon
beryllium
D. argon
Answer: A
A semi-metal is a material with a very small overlap between the bottom of the conduction band and the top of the valence band. According to electronic band theory, solids can be classified as insulators, semiconductors, semimetals, or metals. The semimetals or metalloids are listed as boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, tellurium, and polonium.
31.
Lime juice taste sour because it is
acidic.
alkaline.
basic.
salty.
Answer: A
32.
Which of the following statements about acids correct
I. They react with the calcium carbonate to give a gas
II. They turn red litmus paper blue
III. They react with reactive metals to give a gas
IV. They turn blue litmus paper red
I, II and IV only
I, II and III only
II, III and IV only
D. I, III and IV
Answer: D
An acid is a substance that donates protons (in the Brønsted-Lowry definition) or accepts a pair of valence electrons to form a bond (in the Lewis definition). acid, any substance that in water solution tastes sour, changes the color of certain indicators (e.g., reddens blue litmus paper), reacts with some metals (e.g., iron) to liberate hydrogen, reacts with bases to form salts, They react with the calcium carbonate to give a gas and promotes certain chemical reactions (acid catalysis).
33.
The image formed by a plane mirror is always
real.
magnified.
inverted.
virtual.
Answer: D
Characteristics of an image formed by a plane mirror
The image:
1. has same size as object
2. is virtual
3. is laterally inverted
4. distance equal to the object distance from the mirror
5. is erect or upright
34.
Which of the following farming practices is the best way of maintaining soil fertility?
Crop rotation
Seasonal cropping
Constant ploughing
Bush burning
Mono cropping
Answer: A
35.
Which of the following statements about aerobic and anaerobic respiration is not correct?
Water is produced as a by-product in anaerobic respiration.
Alcohol or lactic acid is produced in anaerobic respiration.
No oxygen is required in anaerobic respiration
Very little energy is released in anaerobic respiration.
Answer: A
Differences between aerobic and anaerobic respirations
| Aerobic Respiration | Anaerobic Respiration |
| Oxygen is present when this form of respiration takes place | Oxygen is absent when this form of respiration takes place |
| Gases are exchanged in this form of respiration | Gases are not exchanged in this form of respiration |
| It can be found in the cytoplasm and the mitochondria | It can be found only in the cytoplasm |
| Glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water | Glucose breaks down into ethyl alcohol, carbon dioxide and energy |
| All higher organisms such as mammals have this type of respiration | Lower organisms such as bacteria and yeast use this type. In other organisms, it occurs during heavy activities |
| Releases more energy | Releases less energy |
36.
Digested food is absorbed into the blood stream through the
duodenum
large intestines
rectum
small intestines
Answer: D
37.
Digestion of fats and oils in humans starts in the
colon.
gullet.
mouth.
duodenum.
Answer: D
38.
A man applied a force of 50 N to push a wheelbarrow through a distance of 6 m. Calculate the work done.
300 J
56 J
44 J
30 J
Answer: A
Work done = Force x Distance
Force = 50 N
Distance = 6 m
Work done = 50 x 6 = 300 J
39.
One advantage of soft water over hard water is that soft water
Has a pleasant taste
Can prevent heart diseases
Does not waste soap
Forms scales in kettle
Answer: C
40.
An atom has 6 protons and 7 neutrons in its nucleus. What is the mass number?
1
6
7
13
Answer: D
Mass number = Protons + Neutrons
Mass number = 6 + 7
Mass number = 13
a)
i)
What is an embryo?
ii)
Where does an embryo develop in the female mammal?
iii)
Describe briefly how a developing embryo breathes in oxygen.
b)
Name three plant nutrients.
c)
i)
What is an electrical insulator?
ii)
Explain how a comb rubbed vigorously on dry hair attracts small pieces of paper.
d)
i)
List the chemical substances that are used in the preparation of ammonia gas in the laboratory.
ii)
Write down balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
a)
i)
Embryo is the first stage of the development of a zygote (eight weeks after conception in mammals).
ii)
In the womb or uterus of the female mammal
iii)
How a developing embryo breathes in oxygen
Oxygen from the mother's blood diffuses through the placenta into the embryo.
b)
Plant nutrients
1. Nitrogen
2. Calcium
3. Zinc
4. Iron
5. Magnesium
6. Phosphorus
7. Potassium
8. Sulphur
c)
i)
An electrical insulator is a substance/material which does not conduct electrcity
OR
An electrical insulator is a substance/material which does not allow electricity to pass through it
ii)
How a comb rubbed vigorously on dry hair attracts small pieces of paper
1. Comb rubbed in hair causes the comb to be charged
2. When the comb is brought near pieces of paper it induces an oppsite charge on the pieces of paper
3. The pieces of paper are attracted to the comb because of the opposite charges
d)
i)
Chemical substances that are used in the preparation of ammonia gas
1. Ammonium chloride
2. Calcium hydoxide/Calcium oxide
ii)
2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 → CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2NH3(g)
OR
2NH4Cl + CaO → CaCl2 + H2O + 2NH3(g)
a)
The diagram below is an illustration of a fish.
Study the diagram carefully and answer the questions that follow.

i)
Identify the fish.
ii)
Name each of the parts labeled I, II, III, V.
iii)
Name that habitat of the fish.
iv)
Explain how each of the parts labelled III and VI enables the fish adapt to its habitat.
b)
The diagram below is an illustration of a section through the soil.
Study the diagram carefully and answer the questions that follow.

i)
What does the diagram represent?
ii)
Name each of the parts labelled I, II, III, IV.
iii)
Which part of the diagram:
α)
is the richest in humus?
β)
is the habitat for soil organisms?
γ)
undergoes weathering?
iv)
What is the effect of heavy rainfall on the part labelled I?
c)
The diagram below is an illustration of an electrical circuit.
Study the diagram carefully and answer the questions that follow.

i)
Name each of the parts labelled I, II, IV, VI.
ii)
State the energy transformation that takes place in:
α)
I
β)
IV
iii)
State the S.I units of the quantity measured by each of the parts labelled:
α)
III
β)
V
iv)
State the function of the part labelled VI.
d)
In an experiment, equal volumes and equal concentrations of dilute hydrochloric acid and dilute sodium hydroxide solutions were each placed in different test tubes.
Read the following statements carefully.
I. Both red and blue litmus papers were dipped into each of the solutions in turns.
II. Equal volumes of the solutions were mixed to obtain a third solution.
III. Both red and blue litmus papers were dipped into the third solution.
Use the information provided to answer the following questions.
i)
Explain briefly how you can identify each of the solutions
α)
Hydrochloric acid
β)
Sodium hydroxide
ii)
State the types of reaction that occurred when the two solutions were mixed.
iii)
What type of solution was formed when the reaction stated in (ii) occurred?
iv)
State what would be observed when both red and blue litmus papers were dipped into the third solution.
v)
Explain how the solid portion of the solution named in (iii) could be obtained.
a)


i)
Tilapia/Bony fish
ii)
I → mouth
II → operculum/gill cover
IV → scales/scale
V → lateral line
iii)
Habitat of tilapia/bony fish
1. Fresh water/river
2. Pond/fish pond
3. Brackish water/lagoon
4. Lake
iv)
Adaptation of fish
III (Pectoral Fin) → used for movement/swimming or pitching
VI (Eye) → for (wide) vision/seeing
b)

i)
Soil profile
ii)
I → Top soil/humus
II → Subsoil
III → Weathered material/rock
IV → parent/(unweathered) rock/rock layer/bedrock
iii)
α)
I/Top soil/Humus
β)
I/Top soil/Humus
γ)
II (Subsoil)/III (Weathered material)/IV (Parent rock/bedrock/rock/rocklayer)
iv)
Effects of heavy rainfall on I (Top Soil/Humus)
1. Erosion
2. Leaching
c)

i)
I → Cell
II → Key/switch
IV → (Standard) Resistor
VI → variable resistor/rheostat/resistance box
ii)
Energy transformation in parts of a circuit
α)
I (Cell) → Chemical to electrical
β)
IV (Resistor) → Electrical to heat
iii)
S.I Units of current and voltage
α)
III (Current) → Ampere(s) (A)
β)
V (Voltage) → Volt(s) (V)
iv)
Function of VI (Variable resistor/rheostat/resistance box)
1. Used to control/regulate current
2. Used to vary current
d)
i)
Identification of solutions
α)
Hydrochloric acid → Turns blue litmus paper to red
β)
Sodium hydroxide → Turns red litmus paper to blue
ii)
Neutralization reaction
iii)
Salt/Neutral/Sodium chloride (Solution)
iv)
Both red and blue litmus papers would not change colour/there is no colour change/no effect on both red and blue litmus papers
v)
How to obtain salt (sodium chloride) from salt solution
Pour the resulting solution into a suitable container and allow to dry/heat to dryness/evaporate
a)
What is vegetable crop?
b)
i)
What is air pollution?
ii)
State two humans activities that lead to air pollution.
c)
i)
List three modes of heat transfer.
ii)
Name the type of medium in which each mode of heat transfer you have listed in (i) takes place.
d)
Give three reasons why proteins are important in the diet of mammals.
a)
Vegetable crop is any (herbaceous) plant whose parts (seeds/fruits/roots/tubers/bulbs/stems/leaves/flowers) are used as foods.
b)
i)
Air pollution is the release of toxic/poisonous substances into the atmosphere.
ii)
Humans activities that lead to air pollution
1. Discharge of gases from factories
2. Smoke from exhaust engines and other machines
3. Smoke from domestic fires
4. Discharge of chloroflourocarbons from aerosol sprays and some refrigerators
5. Bush burning
6. Dust from open cast mining
7. Dust from sand winning and stone quarrying
8. Dust from construction
9. Smoke from cigarette/smoking
c)
i)
Modes of heat transfer
1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
ii)
Medium for mode of heat transfer
1. Conduction → Solid
2. Convection → Liquid/gas/fluid
3. Radiation → vacuum/no material medium
d)
Importance of protein
1. Replacement/repair of worn out tissues/cells
2. Replacement of dead tissues/cells
3. Growth
4. Makes hormones
5. Makes enzymes
6. Provides energy
a)
i)
Explain the following terms as applied to machines:
α)
work input;
β)
work output.
ii)
State one factor that limits work output for a given work input in a simple machine.
b)
i)
What is chloroplast?
ii)
Differentiate between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.
c)
State the colour change that would occur when blue litmus paper is dipped onto a solution of:
i)
α)
vinegar;
β)
wood ash.
ii)
Name the products formed when hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide.
d)
List two benefits of vegetables to humans.
a)
i)
α)
Work input is the total energy or work applied to a machine for it to be able to work
Work input = Effort x Effort distance moved
β)
Work out is the total energy or work obtained by using machines to do work
Work output = Load x Load distance moved
ii)
Factors that limit work output
1. Friction/wear and tear
2. Age of machine/period of usage
3. Weight of machine parts
b)
i)
Chloroplast is an organelle or structure found in (plant) cell and it contains chlorophyll or green pigment.
ii)
Differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration
| Aerobic Respiration | Anaerobic Respiration |
| Requires oxygen | Does not require oxygen |
| Produces large amount of energy | Produces small amount of energy |
| Carbon dioxide and Water are produced | Ethanol or lactic acid is produced |
c)
Colour changes when blue litmus paper is dipped into the following solutions
i)
α)
Vinegar
Vinegar is acidic hence will turn blue litmus paper to red
β)
Wood Ash
Wood ash is an alkaline and so there will be no colour change or the blue litmus paper remains the same
ii)
Product formed when hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide
Sodium chloride and water is formed
d)
Benefits of vegetables to humans
1. Prevent constipation
2. Supply roughage for easily digestion of food
3. To garnish or decorate food
4. Provide humans with vitamins/carbohydrates/proteins/mineral salts/food nutrients/food
5. Source of medicine
(a)
List in the correct order, the organs through which food passes from the mouth to the anus.
(b)
State the components of a balanced ration for feeding poultry.
(c)
Predict the products formed when:
(i)
magnesium solution reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid;
(ii)
potassium reacts with water.
(d)
(i)
State two effects of heat on a substance.
(ii)
Potassium permangante crystals are dropped into a beaker of water and warmed:
(α)
State what would be observed;
(β)
State the phenomenon demonstrated in (α).
(a)
Order of food passes from the mouth to the anus
Mouth → oesophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → anus
(b)
Components of a balanced ration
1. Carbohydrates
2. Protein
3. Fats and oil
4. Minerals
5. Vitamins
6. Water
(c)
Products formed
(i)
Magnesium chloride and hydrogen/MgCl2 and H2
Illustration
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
(ii)
Potassium hydroxide and hydrogen/KOH and H2
Illustration
2K(s) + 2H2O → 2KOH(aq) + H2(g)
(d)
(i)
Effects of heat on a substance
1. Change of state/melts/vapourises
2. Expansion/contraction/change in shape
3. Increasing temperature/decreasing temperature
4. Increase in pressure
(ii)
Potassium permangante crystals dropped into a beaker of water and warmed:
(α)
Warmed coloured water moves from the bottom of the beaker upwards
The solution turns to purple in color because of a process called diffusion.
Diffusion is the movement of molecules or atoms from high concentrated region to low concentrated region.
(β)
Phenomenon demonstrated
Heat transfer by convection/ Diffusion
a)
The diagram below are illustrations of two cells labelled A and B
Study the diagram carefully and answer the questions that follow.

i)
Name each of the parts labelled I, II, III and IV.
ii)
Which of the parts named in (a)(i) is the same as the parts labelled VI and IX in cell B?
iii)
Which of the cells is a plant cell?
iv)
Give two reasons for the answer given in (a)(iii).
v)
Tabulate two differences between the parts labelled I and V.
b)
The diagram below is an illustration of an experiment carried out in the laboratory.
Study the diagram carefully and answer the questions that follow.

i)
Read and record the:
(α) mass of irregular object (M) in I
(β) Volume of water (V1) in II
(γ) Volume of water (V2) in III
ii)
Determine the volume of the irregular object.
iii)
Calculate the density of the irregular object.
iv)
Name the instrument that could be used to measure the mass of an irregular object.
v)
State one precaution to be taken in performing the experiment.
c)
The following activities were performed in the laboratory by groups of pupils.
Study the activities and answer the questions that follow.
i) Camphor was heated.
ii) Wood was burnt.
iii) Iron nails were heated strongly.
iv) Sodium chloride was dissolved in water.
i)
Which of the following activities are:
(α) chemical processes;
(β) physical processes.
ii)
Give two reasons why the activities listed in:
(α) (i)(α) are chemical processes;
(β) (i)(β) are physical processes.
iii)
Give two examples of physical change that take place in your environment.
d)
A farmer cultivated soya bean, yam and maize on a farm in a rotational programme as illustrated below.
Study the diagram carefully and answer the questions that follow.

i)
Copy and complete the table.
ii)
List three principles to consider when planning this rotational programme.
iii)
Give two reasons for selecting the crop named for V in plot 1 year 3.
iv)
State one advantage of practising this farming system.
a)
(i) I = cell/plasma membrane, II = cytoplasm, III = nucleus , IV = vacuole
(ii) I is the same as VI (Cell membrane) and IV is the same as IX (Vacuole)
(iii) Diagram B
iv)
Reasons
1. Presence of large/ single vacuole (IX)
2. Presence of cell wall (V)
3. Rectangular shape
4. Nucleus pushed to the side/periphery
5. Cytoplasm pushed to the side
v)
Differences between parts labelled I (Cell Membrane) and V (Cell Wall)
| I (Cell Membrane) | V (Cell Wall) |
| Present in all types of cells, in humans, animals, plants, bacteria, etc. | Present only in plants and in some fungi, bacteria, algae. |
| Semi-permeable | Completely or fully permeable |
| Flexible | Thick and rigid |
| Made up of proteins and lipids | Made up of cellulose |
b)
i)
(α) mass of irregular object (M) in I = 40 g
(β) Volume of water (V1) in II = 40 cm3
(γ) Volume of water (V2) in III = 60 cm3
ii)
Volume of the irregular object = 60 cm3 - 40 cm3 = 20 cm3
iii)
Density =
Density = = 2 g/cm3 or 2 gcm-3
iv)
Instruments for measuring mass of an irregular object
1. Beam balance
2. Top pan balance
3. Electronic balance
iv)
Precautions to be taken in performing the experiment
1. The object should be lowered gently into the water in the cylinder
2. Volume of the liquid should be read from the base of the meniscus or at the eye level
3. The measuring cylinder should be placed on a flat surface
c)
i)
(α) chemical processes
II and III
(β) physical processes
I and IV
ii)
(α) Why chemical processes
1. The initial/original substance cannot be gotten back easily/irreversible
2. New substance formed
3. Change in mass
4. Accompanied by appreciable heat change
(β) Why physical processes
1. The initial/original substance can be gotten back easily/reversible
2. No new substance formed
3. No change in mass
4. Not accompanied by appreciable heat change
iii)
Examples of physical change
1. Expansion of metal on heating
2. dissolving sugar or salt in Water
3. Boiling of water
4. Melting of ice
5. Breaking/crushing of any Object
d)
i)
| Year\Plot | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 1 | maize | soyabean | yam |
| 2 | yam | maize | soyabean |
| 3 | soyabean | yam | maize |
ii)
Principles to consider when planning for rotational programme
1. Deep rooted crops should be followed by shallow rooted crops
2. Crops of the same family/class should not follow each other
3. Crops that use the same soil nutrients should not follow each other
4. Leguminous crops should be included in the cycle
5. A fallow period may be included in the crop rotation programme
6. Crops which attract the same diseases and pests should not follow each other
iii)
Reasons for selecting the crop named V (Soyabean)
1. Soyabean is a legume and therefore builds up soil fertility
2. Yam is a deep rooted crop and should be followed by soyabean which is a shallow rooted crop
3. Yam is a heavy feeder and must have taken good part of the nutrients
4. Yam and soyabean belong different classes of crops and therefore not likely to attract the same pests and diseases
5. Improves soil structure
iv)
Advantages of crop rotation
1. Increases soil fertility
2. Enhances soil structure
3. Prevents soil erosion
4. Improves soil nutrients and nutrient uptake regulation
5. Controls the spread of pests and diseases
6. Controls weed easily
7. There is effective use of the land
8. Harvest of different types of crops on the same piece of land