(i)

cassava → stem cutting

(ii)

onion → bulb

(iii)

banana → sucker

(iv)

yam → stem tuber

(v)

ginger → rhizome

(vi)

pineapple → sucker/crown/slips

(i)

Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance

OR

Density = $\frac{\mathrm{Mass}}{\mathrm{Volume}}$

(ii)

How yto determine the density of a sample of soil

Method I

1. The mass of an empty wooden rectangular box is measured by means of a beam balance and the result is recorded as M₁ g
2. The rectangular box is filled to the brim with the sample of soil
3. The mass of the box containing the sample of soil is measured by means of a beam balance and the result is recorded as M₂ g
4. The length, breadth and height of the box is measured

Calculations

Density = $\frac{\mathrm{Mass}}{\mathrm{Volume}}$

Mass of soil sample = (M₂ - M₁) g

The volume of the box equals to the volume of the soil sample since the box is filled to the brim with the soil

Volume of soil sample = Length x Breadth x Height of box = V cm³

Density of soil = $\frac{{\mathrm{M}}_2-{\mathrm{M}}_1}{\mathrm{V}}$ g/cm³

Method II

1. The mass of the soil sample is measured by means of a beam balance and the result recorded as M g

2. Water is poured into a measuring cylinder to a suitable level/about half full and the initial level of water recorded as V₁ cm³

3. The soil sample is gently poured into the measuring cylinder containing the water
4. The level of the water goes up and this new level of water is recorded as V₂ cm³

Calculations

Density = $\frac{\mathrm{Mass}}{\mathrm{Volume}}$

Mass of soil sample = M g

Volume of soil sample = (V₂ - V₁)cm³

Density of soil = $\frac{\mathrm{M}}{{\mathrm{V}}_2-{\mathrm{V}}_1}$ g/cm³

(i)

Common salt → Water

(ii)

Paint → Kerosene/turpentine/petrol

(iii)

Coal tar → Kerosene/turpentine/petrol

(iv)

Sucrose → Water

Note: sucrose is a sugar

(v)

Chlorophyll → Alcohol/organic solvent

(i)

Crops to grow well

1. Nutrients/humus
2. Air/living organisms
3. Water

(ii)

To maintain good soil structure

1. Soil particles
2. Organic matter/humus
3. Living organisms

(i)

How energy in a windmill is obtained

When the wind blows, the windmill turns the propeller-like blades of a turbine around a rotor, which spins a generator, which creates electricity (energy).

(ii)

Sources of renewable energy

1. Sun
2. Wind
3. Water/hydropower
4. Biomass
5. Tides
6. Geothermal source/heat from the ground

(i)

Why steel is preferred to iron in building construction

Steel is preferred to iron because it has higher resistance to corrosion (rusting) than steel and has a high tensile strength

(ii)

Ways of preventing rusting

1. Painting
2. Plating or galvanizing
3. Alloying
4. Greasing or oiling
5. Keeping metal at dry place
6. Cathodic protection

(i)

Animal products used in preparing protein-rich feed for poultry

1. Feather meal
2. Blood meal
3. Fish meal
4. Milk by-products
5. Meat meal

Any 2 x 1 mark = 2 marks

(ii)

Plant produces used in preparing carbohydrate-rich feed for poultry

1. Sorghum
2. Millet
3. Maize
4. Wheat
5. Rice
6. Wheat bran

Any 2 x 1 mark = 2 marks

(i)

Vinegar → ethanoic acid (1 mark) and water (1 mark)

2 marks

Air → nitrogen (1 mark) and oxygen (1 mark)

2 marks

(ii)

Vinegar → water is the solvent (1 mark)

Air → nitrogen is the solvent (1 mark)

2 marks

(i)

Reasons why there is no life on the planet Jupiter

1. Extreme/cold temperatures
2. No oxygen
3. No water
4. Far away from the sun
5. Absence of solid surface
6. Toxic radiations/gases
7. Strong magnetic field

Any 2 x 1 mark = 2 marks

(ii)

Other outer planets without life

1. Saturn
2. Uranus
3. Neptune

Any 2 x 1 mark = 2 marks

i)

Photosynthesis is a process whereby green plants containing chlorophyll manufacture food/carbohydrates/starch/glucose from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight.

ii)

Importance of photosynthesis to animals

1. Food/carbohydrates/starch/glucose produced provides energy for animals
2. Oxygen released is used for respiration
3. Accumulation of carbon dioxide is prevented since they are used by plants during photosynthesis

(i)

An element is a substance that cannot be broken down/split into simpler substances by any known chemical means.

Examples of elements (First 20 elements)

(ii)

Mixture is what is formed when two or more substances are put together/combine physically.

Examples of mixtures

1. Air
2. Salt solution
3. Sugar solution
4. Common salt and sand mixed together
5. Muddy water
6. Alcohol and water mixed together
7. Powdered charcoal and iron filings mixed together
8. Powdered chalk and water mixed together
9. Iodine and sand mixed together
10. Sodium chloride/common salt and sand mixed together
11. Sawdust and iron filings mixed together
12. Powdered charcoal and water mixed together
13. Brass
14. Bronze

(iii)

A compound is the substance formed as a result of the chemical combination of two or more elements.

OR

A compound is a substance which is made up of two or more elements chemically combined.

Examples of compounds

1. Water/H₂O
2. Common salt/Sodium chloride/NaCl
3. Carbon dioxide/CO₂
4. Ammonia/NH₃
5. Cupric oxide/Copper (II) oxide/CuO
6. Sulphuric acid/H₂SO₄
7. Sodium hydroxide/NaOH
8. Ammonium chloride/NH₄Cl
9. Hydrochloric acid/HCl
10. Copper (II) sulphate/Copper (II) tetraoxosulphate (VI)/CuSO₄
11. Iron (II) chloride/FeCl₃
12. Magnesium chloride /MgCl₂
13. Iron (II) sulphide/FeS
14. Ammonium hydroxide/NH₄OH
15. Calcium carbonate/CaCO₃
16. Calcium chloride/CaCl₂
17. Silver chloride/AgCl
18. Sodium tetraoxosulphate (VI)/Na₂SO₄
19. Sodium nitrate/Sodium trioxonitrate (V)/NaNO₃
20. Potassium sulphate/Potassium tetraoxosulphate (VI)/K₂SO₄

(i)

Work is said to be done when an application of a force moves an object through a distance in the direction of the force

OR

Work is said to be done when a force moves a body through a distance in the direction of the force.

(ii)

Energy is the ability to do work.

(i)

Power → Watts (W)

(ii)

Energy → Joules (J)

(iii)

Electric current → Amperes (A)

(iv)

Temperature → Kelvin (K)/Degree celsius (°C)

i)

Characteristics of an insect pollinated flower

1. Petals are large
2. Petals are brightly coloured
3. The flower is usually scented
4. The flower has nectar
5. Stigma is inside the flower
6. Stigma is compact and sticky
7. Pollen grains produced per anther are few
8. Pollen grains are sticky, large, rough and heavy
9. Filaments are short and stout

ii)

Characteristics of a wind pollinated flower

1. Have less brightly coloured petals/petals are dull in colour
2. Petals are small in sizes and not easily seen or absent
3. The flower lacks nectar
4. The flower is not scented
5. Large amount of pollen grains are produced per anther
6. Have feathery/hairy stigma
7. Stigma hangs down to be able to catch pollen grains floating in the air
8. Pollen grains are small, light or dry and smooth
9. Filaments are long and flexible

i)

Uses of water in agriculture

1. Cleaning
2. Irrigation
3. Fishing/Fish farming
4. For fertilizer application
5. For pest control
6. Drinking/consumption by farm animals

ii)

Deep rooted crops

1. Tomato
2. Carrots
3. Yam
4. Cassava
5. Watermelon
6. Cocoyam
7. Pumpkin

i)

Circulatory system is a collection of tissues and organs which transports materials or food or water or oxygen throughout the (whole) body

ii)

i)

Mass is the amount of substance (matter) in a body or particle

Is a measure of how much matter is in an object

ii)

Density = Mass / Volume

Mass = Density x Volume

Density = 2.0 g cm^-3, Length = 3 cm

Length of a cuboid (Equal size) = Length x Length x Length

Volume of the box = 3 cm x 3 cm x 3 cm = 27.0 cm³

Mass = 2.0 g cm^-3 x 27.0 cm³ = 54.0 g

i)

ash → solid

ii)

carbon dioxide → gas