a)

Trans-Saharan Trade was the barter trade between the people of Western Sudan and North Africa across the Sahara Desert. The trade was conducted among three continents, Africa, Europe and Asia

b)

Positive effects of the Trans-Saharan Trade on Western Sudan

1. Travelling possibilities: The trade paved way for many people such as traders, scholars, religious groups to cross the Saharan Desert for the first time
2. Spread of culture: It led to the spread of the culture of the North Africans and the Arabs in Western Sudan
3. Wealth creation: It made the people of Western Sudan very rich
4. Spread of religion: It also led to the spread of the Islamic Religion in the Western Sudan

Negative effects of the Trans-Saharan Trade on Western Sudan

1. Insecurity in the desert: It made the trade routes to become very dangerous. Attacks by armed robbers were common
2. Lack of water: Water was a problem to those who lost their way in the desert from or to Western Sudan

c)

Items of the Trans-Saharan Trade

1. Salt
2. Gold
3. Ostrich feathers
4. Spices
5. Cloth
6. Beads
7. Ivory
8. Guns
9. Gun powder
10. Camels

a)

Importance of co-operation among African countries

1. Political or economic benefit: Co-operation will give greater influence to African nations at international meetings on negotiations. It will strengthen their voice in their attempt to press for African interests
2. Co-operation will show African solidarity on major subjects to the outside world
3. It will pave way for the development and expansion of African markets for goods and services
4. Regional stability: Co-operation will help to reduce border conflicts between neighbouring countries
5. Co-operation helps to maintain African cultural heritage

b)

Ways co-operation can be maintained

1. By establishing diplomatic missions abroad
2. By sports and games organizations such as WAFU games
3. Through bilateral/multilateral meetings and trades
4. By establishing joint commissions for specific functions (regional integration)
5. Regular payment of dues by Member States to the Union to enable it to run its programmes smoothly

a)

Achievements of Dr. Kwame Nkrumah

1. He led Ghana to attain her independence from the colonial masters
2. He constructed the Tema motorway and townships
3. He constructed the Adomi Bridge
4. He started the Akosombo Dam in 1961 and completed it in 1965
5. He introduced irrigation farming particularly for rice and sugar cultivation at Komenda and Asutuare
6. He built the Tema Harbour
7. He played a major role in the formation of the Organization of African Unity (OAU)
8. He introduced the compulsory and free-tuition primary education including the free text-books scheme
9. He established several institutions of higher learning such as Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology at Kumasi in 1952 and Cape Coast University in 1962 at Cape Coast
10. He built new hospitals such as Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital in Kumasi and Effia Nkwanta Hospital at Secondi Takoradi
11. He established the University of Ghana Medical School at Korle-Bu in Accra

b)

Reasons that led to the overthrow of Dr. Kwame Nkrumah

1. He introduced a one party state by making the CPP autonomous which brought about chaos and anarchy (confusions and misunderstandings) in the country
2. There was the impression that he had a dictatorship government, delegating powers and posts to only members of his Convention Peoples Party (CPP)
3. It was believed that he was mismanaging the nation's finances for instance it was believed that he gave ten million pounds (£10,000,000) to Guinea to fight for her independence
4. His government suffered bribery, corruption and mismanagement
5. With the introduction of Preventive Detention Act, he maltreated and seduced people who opposed him
6. Some of his foreign policies distanced him from some international leaders who worked out for his overthrow
7. Because of the preferential treatment given to his body guards (Presidential Owned Guard Regiment, POG), the regular army became resentful and dissatisfied

(a)

Types of agricultural practices in Ghana

1. Land rotation
2. Shifting cultivation
3. Mixed farming
4. Mixed cropping

(b)

1. Land rotation

Advantages

i. The land becomes fertile when left to fallow
ii. The farmer has fewer problems of pest and disease

Disadvantages

i. Virgin forests are destroyed
ii. Cultivation each year gives the farmer a hell of work

2. Shifting Cultivation

Advantages

i. The land becomes fertile again during the fallow period without the use of fertilizer or little fertilizer is used
ii. It reduces disease build-up in the farm

Disadvantages

i. It destroys the virgin forest
ii. It cannot be practised in places where land is scarce

3. Mixed farming

Advantages

i. Different crops are grown on the same piece of land
ii. The farmer is assured of regular income from both animals and crops growth
iii. Animals droppings are used to fertilize the land
iv. Animals can be fed with surplus or by-products of crops

Disadvantages

i. It is expensive
ii. The farmer needs much skill to manage his crops and animals
iii. The farmer has very little or no rest throughout the year
iv. The crops can be destroyed by the farm animals

4. Mixed cropping

Advantages

i. The farmer obtains most of his crops from his farm
ii. The dense cover of the leaves of crops protects the soil surface from being eroded

Disadvantages

i. Improper spacing may lead to shading of crops
ii. There is likely competition for water, space, nutrients and light among the various crops

a)

Plantation farms and their locations in Ghana

b)

Positive Effects of plantation farming in Ghana

1. They generate revenue for Ghana
2. They create employment for the youth
3. They provide raw materials such as fruits for industries
4. They provide shelter (timber species for the building industry)

Negative Effects of plantation farming in Ghana

1. It deprives land owners of their land for other projects
2. It destroys wildlife through the tilling of the land
3. Humidity of forest dwindle as a result of destruction of the virgin forest
4. It leads to loss of valuable trees that can serve the timber industry and herbal medicine sector

a)

b

i. F - Farm

ii. Trignometrical Station

iii. Ct. H - Court House

c)

day and night occur due to rotation of earth on its own axis. Part of earth which faces the sun experiences day, while part of earth away from Sun getting no light, experiences night