a)

Qualities that made Osei Tutu a good ruler of the Asantes

1. Experience: He had understudied the chiefs and rulers of Akwamu and Denkyira and was experienced in ruling
2. Unity: Together with Okomfo Anokye, he united all the people of Asante
3. Intelligence and courage: He ruled with intelligence and courage and he was a skillful warrior
4. Selflessness: He had the virtue of selflessness
5. Honesty: He was honest

b)

Things Osei Tutu did to keep the Asantes united

1. The introduction of the Odwira festival kept the Asante united as one people
2. Delegation of powers: Osei Tutu delegated positions such as the left wing (Benkum-hene), rear guard (Kyidom-hene) and right guard (Nifa-hene) to chiefs outside the Oyoko clan
3. New capital: He made Kumasi as the new capital for the Asante Kingdom
4. Setting up strong army: He set up national army to deter enemies of the kingdom
5. The Golden Stool: With the help of Okomfo Anokye, he gave his people a golden stool which served as a symbol of unity

a)

Functions of the Executive Secretariat of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)

1. The secretariat is the administrative organ of ECOWAS
2. It undertakes research on behalf of ECOWAS
3. It submits periodic reports on the work of the ECOWAS
4. It is responsible for the proposing of policy measures on behalf of ECOWAS
5. The secretariat represents the Council of Ministers and the Summit when necessary

b)

Problems facing the ECOWAS

1. Lack of funds: Some member states ae impoverished to the extent that they cannot honour their financial obligations. They rely on donor countries for assistance with conditions attached to them
2. Language barrier: Because there is no common language, communication becomes difficult among member states. The countries have different official languages such as English, French and Portuguese
3. Dependent on colonial masters: Some states still receive economic aid from their colonial masters and their over dependence on these colonial masters makes them less committed to ECOWAS
4. Large community size: Decision-making is greatly hampered by the large size of the community. Currently, 16 member countries constitute ECOWAS, which is the largest economic community in the world
5. Lack of commitment: As a result of their association to other economic groups, some members do not show the required seriousness in the programs of the community
6. Absence of common currency: Absence of common currency for transactions among member states creates huge transaction losses for traders in the sub-region due to the cost incurred through exchange rates
7. Poor inter-transport and communication links: ECOWAS countries face problem with transport system to link other member countries for effective trading and marketing
8. Political instability (Military takeover): Military takeover/coup d'état in West Africa makes it difficult for ECOWAS to promote its policies and programs in all the member states

(a)

Factors that led to the 1948 riots in the Gold Coast

1. Shooting and killing of the three Ex-servicemen at the Osu cross road
2. Non-payment of pension to the veterans/unfulfilled promises to the ex-servicemen
3. Unemployment among school leavers in the country
4. Shortage of essential commodities
5. Refusal to grant loans to local traders
6. Poor living conditions for ex-soldiers
7. Monopolisation of wholesale and international trade by foreigners (AWAM)
8. General discrimination against the local people
9. Introduction of conditional sales by foreign traders
10. Cutting down diseased cocoa trees
11. High cost of goods
12. Dissatisfaction of the Burns constitution
13. Resentment towards colonial rule

Any 4 @ 2 marks each = 8 marks

(b)

Ways the 1948 riots contributed to Ghana's independence

Any 4 points @ 3 marks each = 12 marks

a)

Main vegetation types in Ghana

1. Mangrove/stand
2. Rain forest
3. Coastal shrub and grassland
4. Guinea Savannah

b)

Ways by which the vegetation is being destroyed

1. Mining activities: Galamsey mining operations and mining by the open-cast methods expose the vegetation
2. Overgrazing: Overgrazing by farm animals such as sheep and cattle leave the soil bare exposing it to erosion which eventually depletes the vegetation
3. Felling of trees: The indiscriminate felling of trees (deforestation) for fuel or timber destroys the vegetation
4. Bush burning: Burning of bush by farmers and hunters destroys the plant fob in the soil and exposes the land directly to rain water or wind to cause erosion
5. Human settlements: Putting up of houses and other structures for economic and other structures for economic and social activities call for the felling of trees which destroy the vegetation
6. Construction activities: Construction of roads and railways call for the felling of trees leading to the destruction of vegetation

c)

Ways by which the vegetation can be protected

1. Laws should be enacted to deal with people who cause bush fires
2. Education on agro-forestry should be embarked on
3. The forestry commission should take up the challenge of managing national parks and forest reserves
4. Encouragement of good farming practices such as crop rotation
5. Reafforestation projects should be encouraged

(a)

Aims of the Organization of African Unity (O.A.U)

1. Promotion of unity and solidarity among member states
2. Removal of all forms of colonization and the neo-colonization in Africa
3. Defence: To defend the sovereignty and independence of African states
4. Respect: To respect the independent status of every member State
5. Promotion of international co-operation among African states and other states within the framework of the United Nations Organization

(b)

Achievements of the Organization of African Unity (O.A.U)

1. Conflict resolution: It has helped to settle so many disputes and end conflicts on the continent. For instance the civil war in Congo
2. Promotion of economic co-operation: The O.A.U with other organs like Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) have encouraged trade among African states
3. Promoting respect for Africans: The Union (O.A.U ) has made Africa's voice to be heard in the international community
4. Decolonization in Africa: The Union has supported many African countries (states) to gain independence. Examples are Zimbabwe, Namibia, etc.
5. Maintenance of world peace: The O.A.U has helped to maintain peace and security in Africa as well as other parts of the world. During the Israel and Egypt conflict, through O.A.U, African states were able to send troops
6. The Union has helped to abolish racial discrimination during the white regime in South Africa leading to the establishment of democracy
7. Promoting true unity: The O.A.U has succeeded in bring African countries of various colonial backgrounds and political ideologies together