(a)

Major problems related to cattle rearing in Africa

1. Lack of financial assistance to enable farmers expand their businesses
2. Prevalence of pests and diseases such as tsetse flies, rinderpest, trypanosomiasis, etc.
3. Shortage of water: Many parts of Africa experience low amount of rainfall. The irregular pattern of rainfall causes shortage of water when dams and rivers reduce in volume or dry up completely
4. Shortage of feed: As a result of water shortage, there are low yield of grass (pasture) for the cattle to feed on and this eventually affect their growth
5. Inadequate veterinary services and extension officers and high cost of drugs and vaccines
6. Because the cattle are not properly housed or kept under free-running system, animals are stolen or killed
7. Bush fire: Burning of bush destroys the pasture which requires an alternative source of feeding and that will lead to high cost of feeding

(b)

Solutions to problems

1. Government should assist cattle owners with loans. Cattle owners can also form co-operatives and apply for bank loans to enable them expand their businesses
2. Regular clearing of bushes around ranches as well as spraying of pesticides and insecticides
3. Irrigation dams and wells could be constructed to ensure the availability of drinking water for the cattle at all times of the year
4. Farmers should prepare hay and silage in times of abundance of grass to feed the cattle in dry seasons
5. More veterinary service stations must be built and resourced in cattle rearing areas and extension officers trained to offer regular services to animals and farmers
6. Farmers should properly house their cattle or guide the cattle by herdsmen for free-running system to prevent being stolen or killed
7. Bush fires should be checked for instance using fire belt and enacting by-laws to punish the culprits

a)

Reasons for the rise of the old Mali Empire

1. Oppresive rule of Sumanguru and the support from the vessal states: Oppressed vessal states helped Sundiata to fight against Sumanguru and defeated him. Sundiata's people were also loyal to him and helped him to conquer the small kingdoms close to him. In 1240 Sundiata also conquered Old Ghana and made it part of Mali
2. Good Governance: The kings of Mali established a good metropolitan, provincial and local government system which led to peace and justices throughout the empire. The people were loyal to Sundiata, Sakora, Mansa Suleman because of their good leadership
3. Use of Islam: The introduction of Islam made Mali very popular under Mansa Musa both in North Africa and outside Africa. Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca also made the empire very popular
4. Strong Standing Army: The Mali Kingdom expanded rapidly under Sakora, due to its strong army. Mansa Musa also used the strength of the army to make the Mali Kingdom as empire through conquest
5. Administration of justice: Laws were enforced without fear or favour and the citizen received preferential treatment

b)

Factors that led to the fall of the old Mali Empire

1. Collapse of central government: The collapse of the central administration led to the disintegration of the empires as the soldiers were not willing to defend the Empire and its people
2. Weak rulers: After the reign of Mansa Suleyman, the administration was taken over by incompetent leaders who misused the resources of the empire
3. The rise of the Songhai Empire: In 1468, Sunni Ali of Songhai started to raid Mali and conquered it completely
4. Disagreement: Disagreements occurred due to constant internal dissension that led to the assassination of Mausa Maghan II after a short reign
5. Division of provinces: Many provinces broke away due to the continuous attack by the Mossis and Tuaregs

a)

b)

Ways to maintain law and order in schools

1. Enforcing the law: Law and order is maintained in the school when the laws governing the school is enforced. E.g. punishing students who are late to school to serve as deterrent for others.

2. Obedience/compliance with laws: Law and order is maintained in the school when we obey laws governing the behaviour of people. E.g. Attending morning assembly to prevent punishment.

3. Moral uprightness: When students lead good lives free from immoral acts such as smoking, alcoholism, stealing and violence, it helps to maintain law and order in the school.

4. Respect for authority: Law and order is maintained in the school when students show respect to those in authority. Students must respect the Head teacher, class teachers, senior prefects and colleagues.

5. Application of sanctions: When school authorities apply stiffer punishment/sanctions to student who break the law, it deters others from breaking the law.

a)

b)

Importance of rivers in Ghana

1. Provide water for domestic use e.g. drinking, cooking, washing, etc.
2. For industrial use e.g. cooling of engines, washing and dying, etc.
3. Provide water for irrigation
4. Generation of hydro-electric power (HEP)
5. Transportation
6. Source of food e.g. fish
7. Help in the formation of rain
8. Source of minerals e.g. alluvial gold and diamond
9. For tourist attractions e.g. waterfalls, dams, bridges, etc.
10. Collection and storage of excess water
11. Employment avenues e.g. fishermen
12. Home for aquatic life

c)

Ways by which our water bodies can be protected

1. Creation of forest reserves at the sources and along the river banks
2. Afforestation and re-afforestation
3. Legislation against the indiscriminate cutting of trees
4. Measures to prevent pollution of water bodies e.g. use of chemicals
5. Public education on the need to protect water bodies

a)

Types of timber found in the forests of Ghana

1. Mahogany
2. Sapele
3. Wawa
4. Odum
5. Makore
6. Iroko
7. Obeche
8. Walnut
9. Teak

b)

Importance of the timber industry important in Ghana

1. Foreign exchange: Returns from timber exported are used to develop the nation
2. Fuel: Timber is used as firewood or charcoal in both industrial and domestic areas
3. Job creation: Jobs are offered to people such as carpenters and artisans
4. Source of revenue to the state: Income tax, duties and royalties bring revenue for government
5. Medicine: The leaves and bark of some trees such as Nim tree serve medical purposes
6. Furniture: Timber is an important raw material for the furniture industry in Ghana
7. Electrification: Tens of thousands of electric poles used each year by the Electricity Company of Ghana are made of timber.
8. Fishing: Almost all fishermen in Ghana use fishing boats or canoes that are made from timber
9. Building and Construction Industry: Timber is used for various things in the building and construction industry, including doors, window frames, ceilings, floors, etc.

a, b & c)

(d)

Uses of minerals