a)

The Poll Tax Ordinance of 1852 was a law passed by the British which made it obligatory for every citizen in the Gold Coast to pay one shilling every year as a levy to enable the government to provide amenities such as schools, roads, etc. and to pay workers serving them.

b)

Reasons why the Poll Tax Ordinance failed

1. The people discovered that part of the revenue was used to pay public servants
2. The people were annoyed because the collection of taxes was done by officials appointed by the British instead of chiefs as demanded by custom
3. Some of the chiefs did not want their people to pay the tax. This was because they felt that the British did not keep their promise to protect them from the Asantes
4. The chiefs failed to consult their people before agreeing with the British to pay the tax, hence their refusal to pay the tax
5. The people assigned to collect the money were not honest and they were keeping some of the money they collected to themselves
6. The people refused to pay because they learnt that it was to be paid every year

(a)

Cultural change means adaptation and shift in social, economic and general culture life to be able to cope with present development.

(b)

Factors responsible for cultural change in Ghana

1. Education: Education has positively changed the culture of many societies in Ghana, changing how people think and behave and has exposed many people to cultures that are different from theirs
2. Trade: Trading activities lead to interactions between people from different cultures which help people to adopt cultural traits such as language, dressing and also changed aspects of their own culture considered as outmoded
3. Inventions and other forms of technology: Inventions expose people to new lifestyles, dressing, beliefs and new way of doing things causing changes in their old and traditional culture
4. Travelling/migration: When people travel/migrate from their hometowns, communities and countries, they discover new aspects of culture which are easier and better and may adopt and integrate the new culture into theirs
5. Changes in the physical environment such as deforestation, increase in rainfall, etc.
6. Changes in the social environment such as increased population, smaller families and changes in the respect for leaders
7. Social upheavals such as civil wars, conflicts, revolutions, etc.
8. Research and new discoveries such as plant medicine, mineral discoveries, etc.
9. Influence of other cultures due to religion, colonization, media influence, etc.
10. Inter-marriages: Marriages between people from different cultures lead to the adoption of new aspects of culture such as language, religion, dress, food, etc.

a)

Duties of a citizen of Ghana

1. Payment of taxes: Every citizen of Ghana should honour his/her tax obligations to the state. The government's main source of revenue is taxes which is used to provide roads, schools, hospitals, etc.
2. Obedience to laws: It is the duty of every citizen to obey the laws of the country in order to ensure peace, stability and development
3. Prevention of criminal acts: Well-behaved citizens are expected to take measures that will prevent criminal activities because they destroy people's lives and property. It is therefore the duty of citizens to make available any useful information that will help the police in investigating a crime
4. Protection of state property: Every citizen is required to use all means available to him/her to ensure the safety of state property by protecting and maintaining state properties
5. Defence: A citizen is required to defend his/her country at all times and in all circumstances. In time of war, a citizen should be prepared to join the army when called upon in order to defend the country from external attack
6. Loyalty: A citizen is expected to defend all state documents, symbols, policies and secrets wherever he/she may find themselves
7. Voluntary service: A citizen is expected to provide such services as acting as a witness or jury at the law courts whenever he/she is called upon to do so
8. Communal labour: A citizen is expected to take part in communal labour whenever he/she is called upon to do so
9. Participating in national politics: A citizen should vote, stand for elections, etc.
10. Respect the rights of other citizens
11. Exhibit positive work ethics. A citizen is expected to work conscientiously in his/her lawfully chosen occupation
12. Respecting the rights of other citizens
13. Knowing the law: It is the duty of every citizen of Ghana to know and understand basic rights and duties under the constitution because ignorance of the law is no defence
14. Defending the 1992 constitution of Ghana: Every citizen has the duty to defend the 1992 constitution of Ghana since it protects our rights

b)

Rights of a citizen of Ghana

1. Right to freedom of his/her opinion
2. Right to acquire property through works
3. Right to live
4. Right to vote when qualified
5. Right to education, health care and freedom of association (religion)
6. Right to dignity
7. Right to personal liberty
8. Right to equality

(a)

Reason why the Watson Commission was set up

The Watson Commission was set up to go into the 1948 disturbances that took place in Gold Coast (Ghana) and make recommendations.

(b)

Reasons for the 1948 riots

1. The Gold Coasters were not satisfied with the Burns Constitutions because there were too many Europeans and few Ghanaians in the Executives and legislative Council
2. Ghanaian soldiers who fought for the colonial masters during the second world war (world war II) were dissatisfied with their lot after returning home. They faced many problems - had no jobs, no houses to sleep and were not paid pensions
3. The general shortage of essential goods led to high prices of goods
4. Insufficient jobs
5. Poor handling of the swollen shoot diseases that attacked cocoa trees
6. The Gold Coasters disliked conditional sales
7. People hated the control of goods by the Syrians and Lebanese
8. Shooting of three (3) ex-servicemen was the immediate cause

a)

Major relief features in Ghana

1. Mountains/highlands
2. Valleys
3. Plateaus
4. Plains
5. Lowland

b)

Oceans of the world

1. Atlantic
2. Arctic
3. Antarctic
4. Indian
5. Pacific

c)

Ways the forest vegetation in Ghana can be preserved

1. Creation of forest reserves where people are not allowed to cut down the trees or undertake farming activities
2. Creation of forest/sacred grooves
3. Reforestation and afforestation projects
4. Prevention of forest from being burnt down e.g. creation of fire belts, controlling the activities of palm wine tappers, institution of fire brigades etc.
5. Adoption of better agricultural practices such as mixed cropping, cover cropping, crop rotation, etc.
6. Public education on forest conservation
7. Implementation and enforcement of existing laws
8. Provision of substitutes to forest resources e.g. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (L.P.G)
9. Control of sand winning/mining activities in the forest