(a)

Major problems related to cattle rearing in Africa

1. Lack of financial assistance to enable farmers expand their businesses
2. Prevalence of pests and diseases such as tsetse flies, rinderpest, trypanosomiasis, etc.
3. Shortage of water: Many parts of Africa experience low amount of rainfall. The irregular pattern of rainfall causes shortage of water when dams and rivers reduce in volume or dry up completely
4. Shortage of feed: As a result of water shortage, there are low yield of grass (pasture) for the cattle to feed on and this eventually affect their growth
5. Inadequate veterinary services and extension officers and high cost of drugs and vaccines
6. Because the cattle are not properly housed or kept under free-running system, animals are stolen or killed
7. Bush fire: Burning of bush destroys the pasture which requires an alternative source of feeding and that will lead to high cost of feeding

(b)

Solutions to problems

1. Government should assist cattle owners with loans. Cattle owners can also form co-operatives and apply for bank loans to enable them expand their businesses
2. Regular clearing of bushes around ranches as well as spraying of pesticides and insecticides
3. Irrigation dams and wells could be constructed to ensure the availability of drinking water for the cattle at all times of the year
4. Farmers should prepare hay and silage in times of abundance of grass to feed the cattle in dry seasons
5. More veterinary service stations must be built and resourced in cattle rearing areas and extension officers trained to offer regular services to animals and farmers
6. Farmers should properly house their cattle or guide the cattle by herdsmen for free-running system to prevent being stolen or killed
7. Bush fires should be checked for instance using fire belt and enacting by-laws to punish the culprits

(a)

Challenges mostly associated with human resource development in Ghana

1. Brain drain
2. Inadequate training and retraining facilities
3. Limited welfare service
4. Poor conditions of service
5. Financial challenges
6. Inadequate job opportunities
7. Inconsistent government policies
8. Bribery and corruption
9. Nepotism/favouritism
10. Poor exhibition of values and attitudes/poor work ethics
11. Improper implementation of educational policies
12. Ineffective monitoring and supervision

(b)

Ways government can use the tourism industry to drive development in Ghana

1. Brings about infrastructural development in Ghana
2. Helps to promote local industries

a)

Causes of conflicts in the world

1. Ideological differences: Alignment of major power blocs or ideological difference in capitalism and socialism
2. Struggle over strategic positions: The struggle to secure important strategic position/area for examples Iraq and Kuwait, Nigeria and Cameroon
3. Border disputes: Boundary disputes and clashes between neighbouring countries
4. Ethnic and tribal differences: The situation where one group looks down on the other could cause conflict
5. Racial discrimination: Conflict arises when one race considers itself superior to the other

b)

Effects of conflicts in the world

1. Loss of lives: During conflict/wars, thousands of people are killed while others are maimed
2. Environmental pollution: During wars, decaying dead bodies and explosives lead to the outbreak of epidemics. Almost all sources of drinking water for the people are polluted
3. Hunger and disease lead to malnutrition, starvation and death
4. Damage and loss of properties during conflicts make people homeless/vacate their towns and cities to seek shelter elsewhere
5. Breakdown of laws and order: During conflict/wars the human rights of people are abused and violated. People are indiscriminately arrested, detained and their movements get restricted by the imposition of curfew
6. Loss of International credibility: Conflict/wars portray a bad image which makes countries lose international credibility and their membership to international organizations/communities suspended
7. It stifles economic development: The economic policies and programs of the government become disrupted during the period of conflict/war

a)

Ethnic groups in Ghana

1. Akan
2. Ga-Dangme
3. Ewe
4. Guan
5. Mole-Dagbani

b)

Ways of sustaining unity among the different ethnic groups in Ghana

1. Respect for other cultures/tolerance
2. Encouragement of inter-ethnic marriages
3. Public education
4. Need to be patriotic and development conscious
5. Need to value peace and stability
6. Fair representation in government
7. Promotion of religious activities
8. Promotion of formal education/boarding system
9. Promotion of inter-cultural activities
10. Political parties need to foster unity
11. Avoid discrimination/nepotism
12. Promotion of games and sports

a)

The three arms of Government

1. Executive
2. Legislative
3. Judiciary

b)

Functions of the executive

1. Appoints ministers, chief Justices, etc.
2. Sign treaties on behalf of government
3. Prepares budget for the nation

Functions of the legislative

1. Making and amending of laws for the country
2. Vetting of ministers and judges nominated by the executive
3. Impeachment of President, Vice President and Supreme Court Judges when necessary

Functions of the judiciary

1. Protect human rights
2. Settle disputes and dispense justice and ensure fair judgement
3. Interpret the laws of the land and the constitution

c)

Sources of revenue to the District Assemblies in Ghana

1. Tolls or fees
2. Court fines
3. Property rates
4. Government grants for paying salaries and pensions
5. District Assembly Common Fund
6. Basic rates/land poll tax (lampoon)
7. Issuing of licenses
8. Economic ventures
9. Loans
10. Donations from NGO's
11. Royalties