a & b)

(a)

Environment refers to our physical and social surroundings. They physical surrounding includes climate, mountains, rivers, vegetation,etc. and the social surroundings include man's cultural, political and religious beliefs, etc.

(b)

Ways by which water bodies are polluted in communities

1. Discharge of industrial waste
2. Use of chemicals to fish
3. Oil spillage
4. Defecating
5. Pollution through mining
6. Dumping of solid waste
7. Dumping of liquid waste
8. Washing and bathing
9. The use of agro-chemicals for farming
10. Discharge of radioactive materials
11. Building and construction activities near water bodies
12. Erosion by running water
13. Domestic animals using same water bodies with humans
14. Farming along water bodies

(c)

Ways by which water bodies in communites can be made safe for use

1. Treatment of industrial waste
2. Treatment of sewage before discharging in to rivers
3. Monitoring ships and pipeline against leakages
4. Reclamation of spilled oil
5. Change from chemical to organic fertilizers
6. Good fishing practices
7. Public education
8. Reduction of military conflicts through dialogues and mediation
9. Enforcement of legislations on water pollution
10. Provision of alternative sources of water for farm animals
11. Provision of public utilities/incinerators/toilets
12. Conduct of environmental impact assessment before mines are opened
13. Recycling of wastes

a)

The three arms of Government

1. Executive
2. Legislative
3. Judiciary

b)

Functions of the executive

1. Appoints ministers, chief Justices, etc.
2. Sign treaties on behalf of government
3. Prepares budget for the nation

Functions of the legislative

1. Making and amending of laws for the country
2. Vetting of ministers and judges nominated by the executive
3. Impeachment of President, Vice President and Supreme Court Judges when necessary

Functions of the judiciary

1. Protect human rights
2. Settle disputes and dispense justice and ensure fair judgement
3. Interpret the laws of the land and the constitution

c)

Sources of revenue to the District Assemblies in Ghana

1. Tolls or fees
2. Court fines
3. Property rates
4. Government grants for paying salaries and pensions
5. District Assembly Common Fund
6. Basic rates/land poll tax (lampoon)
7. Issuing of licenses
8. Economic ventures
9. Loans
10. Donations from NGO's
11. Royalties

(a)

Reasons why the transatlantic slave trade continued for a long time

1. The European slave traders found trading in human beings very profitable
2. Slaves offered valuable economic labour on sugar, cotton and coffee plantations in the West Indies and America
3. There was ready market for slaves in mines in South America
4. The African chiefs were very greedy to make much money
5. The middlemen found it profitable
6. Africans were not recognized in their own governments to be able to oppose the traders with a united front
7. Most Africans did not know their rights
8. Some chiefs wanted guns and gunpower to wage wars to conquer other territories/to expand their kingdoms and empires
9. Red Indians could not cope with the volume of work on the plantations and mines in America and West Indies

(b)

Negative effects of the slave trade on West Africa

1. Many Africans were killed during slave raids and ethnic wars for slaves and it led to a reduction in the youthful population
2. There was loss of manpower as about 210 million able-bodied young men and women who could have worked for development were taken away
3. There was racial discrimination as the Africans were treated as sub-human beings by their white slave masters
4. Africans dispersed to many parts of the world especially the Americans, West Indies, Asia and Europe
5. Africans suffered loss of image and self-respect. They felt inferior to people of other races
6. The trade made West Africans generally unsafe because of slave raids and tribal wars
7. Africans became more barbaric and brutal than before the trade
8. Africans lost confidence in themselves in their ability to rely on their own minds and efforts to development

(a)

Productivity is output per man-hour. It is said to be high when a person, within a given time, produces more goods/services than another person.

(b)

Ways of increasing productivity in Ghana

1. Public education of negative practices that lower productivity
2. Emphasis should be laid on technical education to train middle-level manpower
3. Workers should be motivated by improving service conditions and other benefits
4. Workers should be given on-the-job training and should attend refresher courses to improve their skills
5. In agriculture, irrigation projects should be set up to increase agricultural production
6. Credit facilities should be granted to entrepreneurs to make them put up their best
7. Planning and target setting
8. Using appropriate tools and equipment
9. Using modern technology such as computers, tractors, combine harvesters, etc.
10. Effective work ethics such as punctuality, regularity, hard work, honesty, etc.
11. Increase in the level of supervision or managerial skills

a)

b)

i) Lake Bosomtwi -> Kumasi

ii) Volta Estuary -> Accra

iii) Mole National Park -> Tamale

iv) Ussher Fort -> Accra

c)

1. Improving tourist facilities

2. Providing security to tourist

3. Preserving the beauty of tourist site

4. Improving sanitation around tourist site

5. Reasonable cost for tourist

6. Political stability