a)

Aims of the Organization of African Unity (OAU)

1. Promotion of unity and solidarity among member states
2. Removal of all forms of colonialism and the neo-colonialism in Africa
3. Defence: To defend the sovereignty and independence of African states
4. Respect: To respect the independent status of every member state
5. Promotion of international co-operation among African states and other states within the framework of the United Nations Organization
6. To work towards a better standard of living in Africa
7. To protect the rights and freedoms of African citizens

b)

Problems facing the Organization of African Unity (OAU)

1. Lack of a common language which hinders the development of a true sense of unity
2. Political upheaval and coup d'états in most African countries. These affect decision making in the organization. New leaders lack the political will to obey the rules of the organization
3. Distrust among member states due to political and ideological differences
4. The absence of a standing army to enforce/implement political decisions, especially in times of civil wars and conflicts
5. Financial constraints resulting from failure of some member states to pay dues or contributions on time
6. Inter-state border disputes between some member countries such as Ethiopia and Sudan, Mauritania and Morocco posed great challenge to the organization in conflict resolution
7. Lack of economic freedom as a result of allegiance owed to colonial masters by African nations. This most often made it impossible for them to unilaterally take decisions on trade, politics and general administration of the respective countries. Francophone countries in Africa are typical examples

a)

The stages of law-making by parliament in Ghana

1. A proposal/bill is read to parliament by the clerk of parliament
2. The speaker refers the bill to an appropriate committee to study and make recommendations
3. The chairman of the committee presents the bill to parliament to study
4. A motion is tabled in the house for the bill to be read the second time in the house (parliament)
5. The bill is debated and voted on
6. Changes are made at the consideration stage after a thorough discussion
7. The house votes to approve/reject the bill by a simple majority
8. The bill is then written in legal language by the Attorney General's Department
9. The bill is sent to the President to sign
10. It becomes a law
11. The law is gazetted

b)

Features of a good law

1. Interest of the people
2. Be publicized
3. Unambiguous
4. Reasonable
5. Enforceable
6. Understandable
7. Fair to all/equality
8. Acceptable
9. Meets moral code of people
10. Backed by authority
11. Written down to give its definiteness
12. Created and maintained by the state
13. Relates to the sovereignty of the people
14. Not to be retrospective
15. Stand the test of time
16. Must have human face
17. Protect the Fundamental Human Rights of the people
18. In accordance with the constitution
19. Flexible/not rigid

a)

Difference between a map and a sketch

A map is a representation of the earth's surface/part of the earth's surface drawn to scale but a sketch on the other hand is a roughly drawn map usually not to scale.

b)

The four main cardinal points

1. North
2. South
3. East
4. West

c)

Main seasons and their periods in Ghana

1. The dry season → From November to February
2. The wet season → From March to October

d)

How cyclonic rainfall occurs

1. Warm wind and cold wind from opposite directions meet
2. Where they meet is known as front
3. The cold wind pushes the warm wind up
4. Because the warm wind is lighter, it rises into the upper atmosphere
5. It cools and condenses
6. This leads to the formation of clouds
7. When the clouds become heavy, they fall back as rain
8. This type of rainfall occurs in showers
9. It covers wider/larger areas
10. It falls for a long period of time
11. Cyclonic rainfall is common in the tropics and temperate zones

a)

Dr. Kwame Nkrumah

1. Was the first president of Ghana and the leading instrument in the fight for independence
2. He was the prime minister in 1952 and later ruled Ghana as president from 1960 to 1966
3. Born at Nkroful on 21^st September, 1909 in the Western Region of Ghana
4. He attended Roman Catholic Primary and Middle Schools at Half-Assini and taught for a year as a pupil teacher in the same town
5. He attended Achimota College in 1926 and got a teaching certificate in 1930
6. He travelled to America in 1935 and studied at Lincoln University where he received a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Economics and Sociology and a Degree in Theology
7. He also attended the University of Pennsylvania and received a Masers Degree in Philosophy and a Master of Science Degree in Education
8. He left the USA for Britain to study Economics at the London School of Economics between 1945 and 1947
9. He was invited to the Gold Coast by the leadership of the UGCC in 1947 to occupy the post of General Secretary of the party
10. He later left the UGCC to form his own political party, the Convention People's Party (CPP) on 12^th June, 1949
11. He helped Ghana to gain independence on 6^th March, 1957
12. His government was overthrown on 24^th February, 1966
13. He died on 27^{th April, 1972 in Bucharest (Romania)}

Achievements of Dr. Kwame Nkrumah

1. He led Ghana to attain her independence from the colonial masters
2. He constructed the Tema motorway and townships
3. He constructed the Adomi Bridge
4. He started the Akosombo Dam in 1961 and completed it in 1965
5. He introduced irrigation farming particularly for rice and sugar cultivation at Komenda and Asutuare
6. He built the Tema Harbour
7. He played a major role in the formation of the Organization of African Unity (OAU)
8. He introduced the compulsory and free-tuition primary education including the free text-books scheme
9. He established several institutions of higher learning such as Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology at Kumasi in 1952 and Cape Coast University in 1962 at Cape Coast
10. He built new hospitals such as Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital in Kumasi and Effia Nkwanta Hospital at Secondi Takoradi
11. He established the University of Ghana Medical School at Korle-Bu in Accra

b)

Sir Frederick Gordon Guggisberg

1. He was a Canadian born British Governor who ruled the Gold Coast from 1919 to 1927
2. He was born in 1869
3. He first arrived in Gold Coast in 1901 to draw survey maps of the country and left in 1908
4. He also took part in the first world war from 1914 to 1918

Achievements of Sir Gordon Guggisberg

1. Development of health centres
2. Initiative development plan
3. Construction of ports and harbour
4. Construction of roads
5. Construction of railway lines
6. Proposed electrification projects
7. Establishment of schools
8. Release of seized lands to owners
9. Drafted more Africans into Administration/civil service
10. Drafted a constitution for the country
11. Brokered peace between the British and the country
12. Chiefs were represented in legislation
13. Set up of Provincial Councils for each province
14. Helped in the development of agriculture sector
15. Encouraged the teaching of technical and vocational skills in schools
16. Encouraged the teaching of local history and languages
17. Encouraged the education of girls
18. Returned Prempeh I from Seychelles Island

a)

Aims of the United Nations Organization

1. To maintain and promote world peace and security
2. To promote the respect for human rights
3. To promote mutual respect for member states through co-operation in solving economic, social and cultural problems
4. To prevent re-occurrence of another world war

b)

Problems facing the United Nations Organization

1. Financial problems: The U.N does not have adequate funds to implement and enforce its decisions or programs worldwide. The main source of revenue for the U.N is through the annual dues which member states pay. Some countries default in payment
2. Political hindrances: The veto exercise by some permanent members (countries) on the Security Council sometimes makes the organization weak because they abuse the veto power and the rule of law
3. Lack of regular (ready) troops: The absence of standing military personnel delays timely interventions by the U.N on war fronts
4. Division of the world into power blocs also poses a problem. It hinders co-operation among members and also prevents free and fair decisions at U.N.O. meetings

a)

Plantation farms and their locations in Ghana

b)

Positive Effects of plantation farming in Ghana

1. They generate revenue for Ghana
2. They create employment for the youth
3. They provide raw materials such as fruits for industries
4. They provide shelter (timber species for the building industry)

Negative Effects of plantation farming in Ghana

1. It deprives land owners of their land for other projects
2. It destroys wildlife through the tilling of the land
3. Humidity of forest dwindle as a result of destruction of the virgin forest
4. It leads to loss of valuable trees that can serve the timber industry and herbal medicine sector