a)

Major activity which brought foreigners into West Africa

1. Trade: They came to West Africa to trade with the people (citizens)
2. Explore and learn: Foreigners were interested in exploring and learning more about West Africa
3. Spread the gospel: The foreigners also came to preach the gospel of Christ

b)

Good effects that the coming of the foreigners had on West Africa

1. They introduced formal education to West Africa and built schools
2. They helped to reshape culture/traditional beliefs and customs such as human sacrifice
3. They improved the health delivery system with the introduction of orthodox medicines and constructions of health centres
4. They introduced local farmers to commercial farming and brought into West Africa new exotic plants or crops such as tea, coffee, some vegetables, etc.
5. They upgraded transport and communication systems with the construction of roads, bridges, railways, ports, etc.
6. Christianity was introduced into West Africa by the Europeans
7. They influenced the expansion of kingdoms and empires because of the use of guns, horses, gun powder, etc.
8. The introduction of the formal legal system, which helped to maintain law and order
9. The introduction of new and improved physical structures, which were much more stronger and beautiful
10. The forts and castles they left now serve as tourist sites which generates revenue for the government

Bad effects of the coming of the foreigners on West Africa

1. Introduction of guns and gun powders fueled tribal wars
2. Most citizens of West Africa were forced into slavery, which greatly affected the human resource base and the economy of most West African states
3. It led to the collapse of the empire system. Examples of such empires include the Asante, Oyo, Dahomey and Sokoto Empires
4. The mineral wealth and other natural resources of the sub-region were exploited
5. Most countries such as Gold Coast (Ghana) and Cote d'Ivoire lost their independence to colonial masters
6. Over-dependence on the colonial masters
7. Changes in our cultural system

a)

Causes of high birth rate in Ghana

1. Teenage pregnancy
2. Early marriage/parenthood
3. High fertility rate
4. Poverty
5. Reluctance to accept family planning and birth control measures
6. Ignorance about effects of high birth rate on individual life
7. Irresponsible parenting
8. Polygamy
9. Prestige about having large families
10. Family labour
11. Inadequate and inefficient family planning system

b)

Ways of reducing high birth rate in Ghana

1. Girl-child education must be intensified
2. Public education against early parenthood/marriage
3. Intensification of family planning and birth control measures
4. Sex education must be intensified
5. Religious and moral education must be encouraged in schools
6. Reproductive health education in schools must be intensified
7. Poverty alleviation/creation of jobs
8. Education on adverse effect of large families
9. Incentives to people with low family size e.g. few children like two
10. Responsible parenting

a)

b)

c)

(i) Major Highlands in Ghana

1. Akwapim - Togo ranges
2. Mampong Scarp/ (Central Highlands)
3. Kwahu Scarp
4. Wa Scarp (North West Highlands)
5. Gambaga Scarp (North East Highlands)

c)

(ii) Major lowlands in Ghana

1. Volta Basin Lowlands
2. The Coastal plains in south
3. Densu river
4. Pra River
5. Tano River
6. River/Basins

d)

Uses of International Dateline

1. Helps to avoid confusion resulting from differences in time between places in the world/used to determine time
2. Helps to determine days and nights at various places in the world at a specific time
3. Helpts a traveller to know when a day is lost or gained
4. Helps to divide the earth into twenty-four hour time zones
5. Its zigzag nature helps to avoid two different days in a country
6. Helps to divide the earth into two equal parts and twenty-four hour time zones
7. Helps to determine the number of hours ahead or behind a traveller of another location
8. Helps to determine dates at different parts of the world at the same time
9. Helps to determine the local time and standard time with reference to the GMT

a)

Human rights abuses are the infringements on the rights and freedom of an individual.

b)

Examples of human rights abuses

1. Domestic slavery
2. Child labour
3. Sex trade
4. Child defilement
5. Gender, social and religious discriminations
6. Child trafficking
7. Violence against women

c)

Ways by which human rights abuses can be prevented

1. Education: This provide the knowledge of what constitute the abuse and action for preventing any of such abuses like slavery, child abuse and all forms of discriminations and violence against women, children and minority groups
2. The role of the courts and department of social welfare in providing justice, sanctions and compensations for the abused persons
3. The role of institutions such as commission on Children, churches, ministry of women and children affairs could be of much help to stop these abuses
4. Modification of cultural practices which tend to infringe on human rights
5. Prompt reporting of abuse cases to the appropriate institutions
6. Strengthening of our democratic and governmental institutions and agencies such as s DOVVSU, CHRAJ, the Ghana Police Service and the law courts and equipping them to deal with human rights abuse cases more effectively and swiftly