a)

b

The achievement of Sir Gordon Guggisberg in the Gold Coast (Ghana)

1. Development of health centres
2. Initiative development plan
3. Construction of ports and harbour
4. Construction of roads
5. Construction of railway lines
6. Proposed electrification projects
7. Establishment of schools
8. Release of seized lands to owners
9. Drafted more Africans into Administration/civil service
10. Drafted a constitution for the country
11. Brokered peace between the British and the country
12. Chiefs were represented in legislation
13. Set up of Provincial Councils for each province
14. Helped in the development of agriculture sector
15. Encouraged the teaching of technical and vocational skills in schools
16. Encouraged the teaching of local history and languages
17. Encouraged the education of girls
18. Returned Prempeh I from Seychelles Island

a)

Duties of a citizen of Ghana

1. Payment of taxes: Every citizen of Ghana should honour his/her tax obligations to the state. The government's main source of revenue is taxes which is used to provide roads, schools, hospitals, etc.
2. Obedience to laws: It is the duty of every citizen to obey the laws of the country in order to ensure peace, stability and development
3. Prevention of criminal acts: Well-behaved citizens are expected to take measures that will prevent criminal activities because they destroy people's lives and property. It is therefore the duty of citizens to make available any useful information that will help the police in investigating a crime
4. Protection of state property: Every citizen is required to use all means available to him/her to ensure the safety of state property by protecting and maintaining state properties
5. Defence: A citizen is required to defend his/her country at all times and in all circumstances. In time of war, a citizen should be prepared to join the army when called upon in order to defend the country from external attack
6. Loyalty: A citizen is expected to defend all state documents, symbols, policies and secrets wherever he/she may find themselves
7. Voluntary service: A citizen is expected to provide such services as acting as a witness or jury at the law courts whenever he/she is called upon to do so
8. Communal labour: A citizen is expected to take part in communal labour whenever he/she is called upon to do so
9. Participating in national politics: A citizen should vote, stand for elections, etc.
10. Respect the rights of other citizens
11. Exhibit positive work ethics. A citizen is expected to work conscientiously in his/her lawfully chosen occupation
12. Respecting the rights of other citizens
13. Knowing the law: It is the duty of every citizen of Ghana to know and understand basic rights and duties under the constitution because ignorance of the law is no defence
14. Defending the 1992 constitution of Ghana: Every citizen has the duty to defend the 1992 constitution of Ghana since it protects our rights

b)

Rights of a citizen of Ghana

1. Right to freedom of his/her opinion
2. Right to acquire property through works
3. Right to live
4. Right to vote when qualified
5. Right to education, health care and freedom of association (religion)
6. Right to dignity
7. Right to personal liberty
8. Right to equality

a)

A scale of a map shows the relationship between the distance on the map and the actual distance on the ground. A scale could also be said to be the reduced form of actual distance on paper

b)

The three ways of indicating the scale of a map

Linear scale: This is expressed in the form of line, with the lines divided into smaller parts known as primary divisions

Statement scale: This is expressed in a form of statement. For example, one centimetre to ten kilometers

Representative scale: This is expressed in the form of fraction or ratio.

For example, 1:10,000 or $\frac{1}{\mathrm{10,000}}$

c)

If 20 km = 1 cm
200 km = $\frac{\mathrm{200\; km\; x\; 1\; cm}}{\mathrm{20\; km}}$ = 10 cm

If 20 km = 1 cm
120 km = $\frac{\mathrm{120\; km\; x\; 1\; cm}}{\mathrm{20\; km}}$ = 6 cm

The length on paper will be 10 cm and breadth/width, 6 cm

a)

Dr. Kwame Nkrumah

1. Was the first president of Ghana and the leading instrument in the fight for independence
2. He was the prime minister in 1952 and later ruled Ghana as president from 1960 to 1966
3. Born at Nkroful on 21^st September, 1909 in the Western Region of Ghana
4. He attended Roman Catholic Primary and Middle Schools at Half-Assini and taught for a year as a pupil teacher in the same town
5. He attended Achimota College in 1926 and got a teaching certificate in 1930
6. He travelled to America in 1935 and studied at Lincoln University where he received a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Economics and Sociology and a Degree in Theology
7. He also attended the University of Pennsylvania and received a Masers Degree in Philosophy and a Master of Science Degree in Education
8. He left the USA for Britain to study Economics at the London School of Economics between 1945 and 1947
9. He was invited to the Gold Coast by the leadership of the UGCC in 1947 to occupy the post of General Secretary of the party
10. He later left the UGCC to form his own political party, the Convention People's Party (CPP) on 12^th June, 1949
11. He helped Ghana to gain independence on 6^th March, 1957
12. His government was overthrown on 24^th February, 1966
13. He died on 27^{th April, 1972 in Bucharest (Romania)}

Achievements of Dr. Kwame Nkrumah

1. He led Ghana to attain her independence from the colonial masters
2. He constructed the Tema motorway and townships
3. He constructed the Adomi Bridge
4. He started the Akosombo Dam in 1961 and completed it in 1965
5. He introduced irrigation farming particularly for rice and sugar cultivation at Komenda and Asutuare
6. He built the Tema Harbour
7. He played a major role in the formation of the Organization of African Unity (OAU)
8. He introduced the compulsory and free-tuition primary education including the free text-books scheme
9. He established several institutions of higher learning such as Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology at Kumasi in 1952 and Cape Coast University in 1962 at Cape Coast
10. He built new hospitals such as Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital in Kumasi and Effia Nkwanta Hospital at Secondi Takoradi
11. He established the University of Ghana Medical School at Korle-Bu in Accra

b)

Sir Frederick Gordon Guggisberg

1. He was a Canadian born British Governor who ruled the Gold Coast from 1919 to 1927
2. He was born in 1869
3. He first arrived in Gold Coast in 1901 to draw survey maps of the country and left in 1908
4. He also took part in the first world war from 1914 to 1918

Achievements of Sir Gordon Guggisberg

1. Development of health centres
2. Initiative development plan
3. Construction of ports and harbour
4. Construction of roads
5. Construction of railway lines
6. Proposed electrification projects
7. Establishment of schools
8. Release of seized lands to owners
9. Drafted more Africans into Administration/civil service
10. Drafted a constitution for the country
11. Brokered peace between the British and the country
12. Chiefs were represented in legislation
13. Set up of Provincial Councils for each province
14. Helped in the development of agriculture sector
15. Encouraged the teaching of technical and vocational skills in schools
16. Encouraged the teaching of local history and languages
17. Encouraged the education of girls
18. Returned Prempeh I from Seychelles Island

a)

The Fante Confederation

1. The Fante Confederation was formed in 1868 by the Fante states and some southern states like Denkyire, Wassaw, Twifu and Assin.
2. It was one of the movements that opposed the growth of British influence in Ghana

b)

Reasons for which the Fante Confederation was formed

1. British interference in local affairs
2. Protest against payment of taxes
3. Failure of the British to protect the less performing states e.g. Twifo Ajumako and Asikuma
4. Maltreatment of some Fante Chiefs
5. To prevent the Dutch from taking over Komenda
6. The Fante at certain time lost confidence in the British
7. Lack of social amenities in the Gold Coast Colony
8. Non representation at the legislative and executive councils

c)

Reasons for the fall of the Fante Confederation

1. The British caused confussion among the chiefs thereby dividing their front
2. The non-Fante members of the confederation lost interest in the confederation because they joined the union to help the people of Komenda against the Dutch. When the Dutch left in 1972 they saw no need to be members of the union
3. Members of the various groups felt that leaders should be chosen from their groups and this led to power struggle which eventually weakened the union
4. The British were hostile to the confederation, so they arrested and imprisoned some of its leaders in an attempt to weaken the confederation
5. Financial problems also made it impossible for the union to implement its plans

(a)

Ways to reduce tensions and conflicts

1. The need for tolerance
2. Engaging the youth in an open forum/inclusiveness
3. Settlement of misunderstanding
4. Counselling
5. Compromise through negotiation
6. Collaboration
7. Providing adequate security

(b)

How peace and security can lead to development in Ghana

1. Enable provision of economic facilities i.e. Factories and markets
2. Enable the provision of infrastructure such as schools and hospitals
3. Enable access to quality human resource
4. Enable the availability of job opportunities
5. Enable attraction of foreign and domestic investments
6. Enable citizens to have confidence to contribute in nation building
7. Curtail brain drain
8. Government expenditure is geared towards proper development
9. Good governance is provided
10. Promotion of national cohesion and unity
11. Promote human rights
12. Promote stable environment for critical thinking and innovation
13. Protect lives and property
14. Promote political stability