(a)

Environment refers to our physical and social surroundings. They physical surrounding includes climate, mountains, rivers, vegetation,etc. and the social surroundings include man's cultural, political and religious beliefs, etc.

(b)

Ways by which water bodies are polluted in communities

1. Discharge of industrial waste
2. Use of chemicals to fish
3. Oil spillage
4. Defecating
5. Pollution through mining
6. Dumping of solid waste
7. Dumping of liquid waste
8. Washing and bathing
9. The use of agro-chemicals for farming
10. Discharge of radioactive materials
11. Building and construction activities near water bodies
12. Erosion by running water
13. Domestic animals using same water bodies with humans
14. Farming along water bodies

(c)

Ways by which water bodies in communites can be made safe for use

1. Treatment of industrial waste
2. Treatment of sewage before discharging in to rivers
3. Monitoring ships and pipeline against leakages
4. Reclamation of spilled oil
5. Change from chemical to organic fertilizers
6. Good fishing practices
7. Public education
8. Reduction of military conflicts through dialogues and mediation
9. Enforcement of legislations on water pollution
10. Provision of alternative sources of water for farm animals
11. Provision of public utilities/incinerators/toilets
12. Conduct of environmental impact assessment before mines are opened
13. Recycling of wastes

a)

b)

1.Foreign languages being promoted at the expense of the native tongue

2. Reliance on colonial masters

3. Taste for foreign goods

4. loss of cultural values

5. Over-exploitation of natural resources

6. Destruction of the African political system

7. wider disparity between rural and urban areas

c)

1. Patronizing of goods made in Ghana

2. Industrialization

3. Exporting of more goods from the country than import

4. Acknowledgement of the nation's human resource values

5. Reduction of an excessive preference for foreign goods

6. Prevention of bribery and corruption

a)

Offences against the individual

1. Murdering/killing a person, except sentenced to death by a law court or in self-defence (abuses one's right to life)
2. Detaining a suspect without charge beyond 48 hours (abuses one's right to personal liberty)
3. Depriving someone of his/her private property, except by law (abuses one's right to own private property)
4. Preventing someone from expressing his/her opinion, except it breaches law and order(abuses one's right to freedom of expression)
5. Preventing someone from joining a group of his/her choice. (abuses one's right to freedom of association)
6. Disallowing a person from practising his/her religion of choice. (abuses one's right to freedom of religion)
7. Discriminating against someone based on his/her gender or tribe or colour or religion or belief or social status (abuses one's right to equality)

Offences against the state

1. Disobeying the laws of the land
2. Not paying taxes that are due the state
3. Destroying public/state property
4. Overthrowing the constitution/the constitutionally elected government
5. Assassination of a government official
6. Assisting enemies of the state to cause harm to the state

b)

Reasons why a country makes laws for its citizens

1. Reduction of crime
2. Protection of human rights
3. For social order/conformity
4. For social progress
5. For economic progress/To improve national productivity/To improve national development
6. Promotion of discipline
7. Promotion of moral uprightness
8. Promotion of peace and stability
9. Promotion of good governance
10. Attraction of foreign investment
11. Promotion of unity
12. Protection of public property

a)

Contours are lines drawn on maps to show places of equal height above sea level. They also show relief features. The distances between contour lines are known as vertical distance or vertical intervals.

b)

a)

Features of the rain forest

1. The forest is evergreen throughout the year with broad leaves
2. The forest is arranged in layers
3. The trees are tall and straight
4. There are many lianas and/or woody climbers which twist around trees
5. The trees have inter-locking canopies
6. Dead leaves, trees and fungi are common in the undergrowth
7. The trees are not found in pure stands
8. The trees have thin barks with buttress roots

b)

Benefits of the rain forest

1. Provides timber exported for foreign exchange
2. Provides timber for construction and furniture
3. Provides raw materials for crafts e.g. cane for basket and wood for carving
4. Provides bark, roots and leaves for preparation of herbal medicine
5. Provides habitat for wild animals e.g. elephants, monkeys, lions, etc.
6. Protects sources of many rivers and keeps them from drying up
7. Provides food e.g. fruits, wild yam
8. Provides the condition for the cultivation of certain crops such as cocoa, cola, rubber, etc.
9. Serves as source of employment for chain-saw operators, farmers, etc.
10. Serves as tourist attractions e.g. Kakum Forest Reserves, the Big Tree near Akim Oda
11. Serves as source of fuel wood and charcoal