a)

Population refers to the number of people living in a particular or specific geographical area within a specific time.

b)

c)

Disadvantages of Ghana's population structure

1. Increase in dependency ratio
2. Government expenses on social services will be high
3. High government expenditure on pensioners
4. Slow development
5. There will be low savings and low investment
6. High government expenditure on the youth and the aged
7. Low tax revenue
8. High expenditure on training and retaining of manpower

a)

b)

Ways the forest vegetation in Ghana can be preserved

1. Creation of forest reserves where people are not allowed to cut down the trees or undertake farming activities
2. Creation of forest/sacred grooves
3. Reforestation and afforestation projects
4. Prevention of forest from being burnt down e.g. creation of fire belts, controlling the activities of palm wine tappers, institution of fire brigades etc.
5. Adoption of better agricultural practices such as mixed cropping, cover cropping, crop rotation, etc.
6. Public education on forest conservation
7. Implementation and enforcement of existing laws
8. Provision of substitutes to forest resources e.g. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (L.P.G)
9. Control of sand winning/mining activities in the forest

a)

b)

c)

(i) Major Highlands in Ghana

1. Akwapim - Togo ranges
2. Mampong Scarp/ (Central Highlands)
3. Kwahu Scarp
4. Wa Scarp (North West Highlands)
5. Gambaga Scarp (North East Highlands)

c)

(ii) Major lowlands in Ghana

1. Volta Basin Lowlands
2. The Coastal plains in south
3. Densu river
4. Pra River
5. Tano River
6. River/Basins

d)

Uses of International Dateline

1. Helps to avoid confusion resulting from differences in time between places in the world/used to determine time
2. Helps to determine days and nights at various places in the world at a specific time
3. Helpts a traveller to know when a day is lost or gained
4. Helps to divide the earth into twenty-four hour time zones
5. Its zigzag nature helps to avoid two different days in a country
6. Helps to divide the earth into two equal parts and twenty-four hour time zones
7. Helps to determine the number of hours ahead or behind a traveller of another location
8. Helps to determine dates at different parts of the world at the same time
9. Helps to determine the local time and standard time with reference to the GMT

(a)

Aims of the Organization of African Unity (O.A.U)

1. Promotion of unity and solidarity among member states
2. Removal of all forms of colonization and the neo-colonization in Africa
3. Defence: To defend the sovereignty and independence of African states
4. Respect: To respect the independent status of every member State
5. Promotion of international co-operation among African states and other states within the framework of the United Nations Organization

(b)

Achievements of the Organization of African Unity (O.A.U)

1. Conflict resolution: It has helped to settle so many disputes and end conflicts on the continent. For instance the civil war in Congo
2. Promotion of economic co-operation: The O.A.U with other organs like Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) have encouraged trade among African states
3. Promoting respect for Africans: The Union (O.A.U ) has made Africa's voice to be heard in the international community
4. Decolonization in Africa: The Union has supported many African countries (states) to gain independence. Examples are Zimbabwe, Namibia, etc.
5. Maintenance of world peace: The O.A.U has helped to maintain peace and security in Africa as well as other parts of the world. During the Israel and Egypt conflict, through O.A.U, African states were able to send troops
6. The Union has helped to abolish racial discrimination during the white regime in South Africa leading to the establishment of democracy
7. Promoting true unity: The O.A.U has succeeded in bring African countries of various colonial backgrounds and political ideologies together

a)

b)

1.Being laid off or losing of job

2.High rate of school dropouts

3.Loss of respect in the society

4. High rate of poverty

5. an individual may face charges and go to prison.

6. adequate education on drug usage and its effects.

7. proper education regarding dangerous abortion

(a)

Causes of environmental degradation

Air
1. Cars emit smoke which pollutes the environment
2. Harmful gases from factories
3. Destroying trees that provide oxygen, leads to pollution
4. Bad odour from dead animals, gutters, refuse dump, excreta, etc. pollute the air
5. Smoke from burning
6. Dust in air through construction works

Land
1. Overgrazing
2. Mining or quarrying
3. Sand winning
4. Use of fertilizers
5. Destruction of vegetation for timber
6. Improper layout of towns/urbanization
7. Bushfires
8. Bad farming practices such as slash and burn
9. Improper waste disposal

Water
1. Discharge of industrial chemicals into water bodies
2. Poor fishing methods such as the use of dangerous chemicals like DDT
3. Spilling of oil into water bodies which kill the living things like fish
4. Dumping of solid and liquid waste into water bodies
5. Cattle grazing whereby they drink from water bodies, contaminating the water
6. Washing and bathing in and around water bodies

(b)

Ways by which the environment can be protected from degradation

1. Legislation: Laws should be passed to prosecute law breakers who pollute the environment
2. Afforestation: Growing of trees to replace burnt or cut ones
3. Education by Fire Service,NADMO and others on the need to maintain a healthy environment
4. Encourage farmers to use appropriate farming methods
5. Set-up conservation agencies to keep and maintain forest reserves such as Forestry Commission, Friends of Water Bodies, etc.
6. Recycling of solid and liquid waste
7. Encouraging proper disposal of domestic waste
8. Encouraging proper disposal of industrial waste
9. Controlling soil erosion by planting cover crops, ridging, etc.
10. Fishermen should use appropriate fishing methods
11. Encourage controlled grazing
12. Encourage controlled exploitation of forest resources