a)

Factors that led to the growth of the Old Ghana Empire

1. Excellent leadership: The kings/leaders provided effective leadership and administration, which was well structured
2. Trans-Saharan trade: The Empire controlled the trade routes between the salt and gold mines, which were the main commercial commodities. As a result, they amassed a lot of wealth (gold, salt, spices, clothes, etc.) through payments of taxes, duties and levies
3. Strong legal system: There were traditional courts that tried cases, settled disputes and punished offenders. This promoted the maintenance of law and order in the Empire
4. Geographical location/Flourishing Agriculture: The Empire was located close to the Senegal and Niger rivers. There was also good rainfall pattern. Hence they had enough water for domestic purposes, farming and fishing
5. Efficient taxation system: There was an effective tax collecting system which ensured that the government generates sufficient revenue to run the state
6. Powerful Army: There was a powerful and disciplined army that ensured the security of the state

b)

Factors that caused the fall of the Old Ghana Empire

1. Attacks by Muslim Raiders: It started losing power when Muslim raiders began attacking areas across the empire. The attackers' main goal was to convert as many people to Islam as possible, but they also wanted control of the salt-gold trade. This started weakening the empire
2. Growth of the Mali Empire: The Mali empire emerged gradually grew more powerful and richer. Consequently, the influence of old Ghana began to decline
3. Divisions/Breakaway sections: The empire continued to crumble as many smaller provinces began to break off to form their own kingdoms
4. Seizure of Koumbi Saleh by the Mali Empire: Finally, the Mali Empire, led by Soumaoro Kanté (Sumanguru Kantey), seized and captured the capital of the old Ghana Empire, Koumbi Saleh and brought it to an end

a)

Benefits African countries get from cooperation

1. To government, it promotes exchange of ideas on matters affecting the individual states
2. It helps to maintain African cultural heritage and pride
3. It leads to unity and solidarity among African nations and that unity is made known to the outside world
4. It grants African countries respect and influence at international meetings
5. It brings about the respect for human dignity and human rights
6. It provides bigger market share for individual countries to trade their products and services among themselves

b)

Ways by which African governments bring about cooperation among themselves

1. Through the establishment of institutions such as O.A.U, ECOWAS, NEPAD, ECOMOG, etc.
2. Through bilateral and multilateral meetings among nations such as ECOWAS and O.A.U members
3. Through the organizations of sporting events
4. Through the establishment of joint commissions for specific functions such as West African Examination Council (WAEC) and the West African Gas Pipe Line
5. Through the establishment of embassies or High Commissions in other African countries
6. Organization of African regional trade fairs where African local products can be advertised and sold

a)

b)

Reasons for which Ghana enters into cooperation with other countries

1. Sharing of common ideas/technical co-operation
2. Fight common interests eg. hunger diseases
3. Settlement of dispute
4. Peace, unity and security
5. Co-existence/maintain friendly relationship
6. Energy supply
7. Common industrial and manufacturing projects
8. Common banking and insurance facilities
9. Improvement of transportation and communication network
10. Easy movement of goods and services
11. Wider markets
12. Promote culture solidarity and sports
13. Solicit financial assistance
14. Relief assistance
15. Military assistance

a)

International organizations of which Ghana is a member

1. United Nations Organizations (UNO)
2. African Union/Organization of African Unity (OAU)
3. The commonwealth of Nations
4. Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
5. Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)

b)

Benefits Ghana enjoys for being a member of international organizations

1. Free movement of persons such as Ghana to Nigeria, Togo, Benin, etc. without a visa
2. Assistance and support for development - economically, politically and academically
3. Advise from experts on various subjects such as medicine, finance, etc.
4. Being part of global fight against hunger, diseases, poverty, human rights abuses
5. Friendly relationships in economic, political, cultural and social
6. Helps maintain international peace and security

a)

World Health Organization (WHO) is a wing of the United Nations (UN) tasked with the role to enhance the health conditions of people and to protect the environment. It is to train health workers and to promote health/research geared towards the provision of improved health services to people in the whole worldwide. It was established in 1948.

b)

Achievements of WHO

1. Embarking on immunization campaign to eradicate the six childhood killer diseases (Polio, Tetanus, Measles, Tuberculosis, Whooping cough and Diphtheria)
2. Intensive programs to keep the spread of yaws (a dangerous disease affecting children) under control
3. Education of most water borne disease such as bilharzias and cholera
4. Education and campaigns on general cleanliness and its benefits
5. Provision of safe drinking water for most people

a)

b)

1. Practicing Afforestation

2. Protecting waterbodies

3. Public Education

4. Recycling of resources

5. Creating forest reserves

6. Protecting Game reserves

7. Practicing RE-afforestation

8. keeping natural minerals safe