a)

b)

Elements of the weather and the instrument used to measure them

a)

Environmental problems in Ghana

1. Desertification/Deforestation: This refers to the condition whereby the forest is destroyed together with the vegetation and gradually turning the land into a desert
2. Poor drainage system: This is mainly a problem in the cities and towns where the free flow of water is impeded and consequently, the stagnant water breed mosquitoes which cause malaria
3. Pollution: This is the release of harmful/toxic substances called pollutants into the environment. For example, fumes from factories, motor, vehicles and dust from sand winning sites pollute the air. Washing, bathing and defaecating into water bodies pollute the water bodies
4. Bush burning: Bush fires can wipe off whole vegetation, destroying the forest and farms. It can lead to loss of lives and properties. It may be caused by activities of farmers, palm wine tappers, cigarette smokers, hunters, etc.
5. Poor sanitation caused by random waste disposal and lack of maintenance culture

b)

1. Solutions to desertification/deforestation

i. Preserving and reserving of forests: Government and communities should embark on the creation of forest reserves and preservations
ii. Education: People should be educated on the causes and effects of desertification/deforestation
iii. Afforestation: Tree planting campaigns should be launched and encouraged all over the country

2. Solutions to poor drainage system

i. Waste Recycling: Plastic and other non-bio degradable wastes should be recycled as they are becoming nuisance to lives. They hinder the free flow of water in gutters resulting in flood
ii. Regular distilling of gutters: Groups and individuals should be encouraged to embark on regular communal labour to desilt gutters
iii. Discouraging putting structures on water ways: Construction of houses and similar structures on water ways should be discouraged as they hinder the free flow of water resulting in flood
iv. Education: People should be educated on the dangers of dumping refuse/rubbish/solid waste into gutters and the benefits of distilling their gutters

3. Solutions to pollution

i. Enact by-laws: Laws should be enacted to deal with culprits who pollute water bodies
ii. Provide chimneys: Factories should have tall chimneys to discharge smoke far and above the level of human settlements
iii. Ensure vehicles are road-worthy: Vehicles with weak engines and faulty exhaust pipes should be banned from plying the roads

4. Solutions to bush burning

i. Anti-bush fire squads: Communities should set up anti-bush fire squads to prevent and control bush fires
ii. Stop hunting with fire: Hunters should be educated and cautioned against the practice of hunting by using fire
iii. Enact by-laws: Laws should be enacted to punish culprits/people found guilty of bushfires

5. Solutions to poor sanitation

i. Education: People should be educated on the effects of poor sanitation
ii. Enact by-laws: Laws should be enacted to punish who don't keep their surroundings clean and tidy

a)

Reasons for the rise of the old Mali Empire

1. Oppresive rule of Sumanguru and the support from the vessal states: Oppressed vessal states helped Sundiata to fight against Sumanguru and defeated him. Sundiata's people were also loyal to him and helped him to conquer the small kingdoms close to him. In 1240 Sundiata also conquered Old Ghana and made it part of Mali
2. Good Governance: The kings of Mali established a good metropolitan, provincial and local government system which led to peace and justices throughout the empire. The people were loyal to Sundiata, Sakora, Mansa Suleman because of their good leadership
3. Use of Islam: The introduction of Islam made Mali very popular under Mansa Musa both in North Africa and outside Africa. Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca also made the empire very popular
4. Strong Standing Army: The Mali Kingdom expanded rapidly under Sakora, due to its strong army. Mansa Musa also used the strength of the army to make the Mali Kingdom as empire through conquest
5. Administration of justice: Laws were enforced without fear or favour and the citizen received preferential treatment

b)

Factors that led to the fall of the old Mali Empire

1. Collapse of central government: The collapse of the central administration led to the disintegration of the empires as the soldiers were not willing to defend the Empire and its people
2. Weak rulers: After the reign of Mansa Suleyman, the administration was taken over by incompetent leaders who misused the resources of the empire
3. The rise of the Songhai Empire: In 1468, Sunni Ali of Songhai started to raid Mali and conquered it completely
4. Disagreement: Disagreements occurred due to constant internal dissension that led to the assassination of Mausa Maghan II after a short reign
5. Division of provinces: Many provinces broke away due to the continuous attack by the Mossis and Tuaregs

a)

b)

1. Law enforcement: Laws used to resolve protracted conflict between two sidies

2. Negotiation: involves resolving disagreements through discussions and compromise.

3. Mediation: involves third-party to resolve conflict

4. Reconcialtion: parties in conflict decide to unite

5. Arbitrary: this is where a third-party decides who is right or wrong

a)

1. Earn interest

2. Easy to withdraw

3. Safety of Money

4. Accumulate money for short term purposes

5. Easy to tract account transactions

6. Easy to get access to loan

7. Helps in emergencies

8. Limits debt

b)

1. Rejection of notes

2. Misunderstandings among people

3. Able to cause disorders of the skin

4. Extra costs are needed to print new notes to replace defaced notes

5. Destruct beauty of money

a)

Difference between weather and climate

The weather is the condition of the atmosphere of a place at a specific time usually short period while climate on the other hand, is the average weather conditions of a place over a longer period usually 30 years and above.

b)

Elements of the weather and the instrument used to measure them

c)

Importance of rainfall

1. Agriculture: It enables farmers to grow their crops. It also helps the farmers to uproot their crops (tuber crops) as the soil becomes soft
2. Water for domestic and industrial uses: Rainfall enables us to get water for domestic (drinking, washing, cooking, etc.) and for industrial (cooling of engines, mixing of chemicals, etc.) purposes
3. Grass for animal feed: Rainfall enables animals to obtain enough pastures (food) to graze on. The animals grow fat during the rainy season when there is abundant supply of grass
4. Rainfall helps to cool the weather and maintain the vegetation green
5. Rainfall enables hydroelectric dams to run continuously so that there will be uninterrupted electricity supply
6. Provides water for use in the dry season (irrigation)