(a)

Reason why the Watson Commission was set up

The Watson Commission was set up to go into the 1948 disturbances that took place in Gold Coast (Ghana) and make recommendations.

(b)

Reasons for the 1948 riots

1. The Gold Coasters were not satisfied with the Burns Constitutions because there were too many Europeans and few Ghanaians in the Executives and legislative Council
2. Ghanaian soldiers who fought for the colonial masters during the second world war (world war II) were dissatisfied with their lot after returning home. They faced many problems - had no jobs, no houses to sleep and were not paid pensions
3. The general shortage of essential goods led to high prices of goods
4. Insufficient jobs
5. Poor handling of the swollen shoot diseases that attacked cocoa trees
6. The Gold Coasters disliked conditional sales
7. People hated the control of goods by the Syrians and Lebanese
8. Shooting of three (3) ex-servicemen was the immediate cause

a)

Trans-Saharan Trade was the barter trade between the people of Western Sudan and North Africa across the Sahara Desert. The trade was conducted among three continents, Africa, Europe and Asia

b)

Positive effects of the Trans-Saharan Trade on Western Sudan

1. Travelling possibilities: The trade paved way for many people such as traders, scholars, religious groups to cross the Saharan Desert for the first time
2. Spread of culture: It led to the spread of the culture of the North Africans and the Arabs in Western Sudan
3. Wealth creation: It made the people of Western Sudan very rich
4. Spread of religion: It also led to the spread of the Islamic Religion in the Western Sudan

Negative effects of the Trans-Saharan Trade on Western Sudan

1. Insecurity in the desert: It made the trade routes to become very dangerous. Attacks by armed robbers were common
2. Lack of water: Water was a problem to those who lost their way in the desert from or to Western Sudan

c)

Items of the Trans-Saharan Trade

1. Salt
2. Gold
3. Ostrich feathers
4. Spices
5. Cloth
6. Beads
7. Ivory
8. Guns
9. Gun powder
10. Camels

a)

Types of rainfall experienced in Ghana

1. Convectional
2. Relief/Orographic
3. Cyclonic/frontal

b)

Convectional Rainfall

1. The heating of the land surface causes evaporation of warm moist
2. The warm moist air becomes light and it is forced to rise by convection currents
3. The moist air becomes cooler in the upper atmosphere
4. The moist air condenses and forms cumulus rain clouds
5. With further cooling, cumulus clouds develop into cumulonimbus clouds
6. Heavy rain often accompanied by thunder and lightning falls
7. Hailstones may fall
8. Convectional rainfall occurs mostly in the afternoon

Relief/Orographic Rainfall

1. Warm moist air from the sea, lake or any water body blows against a highland barrier
2. The air formed is rise above the highland
3. The air becomes cooler in the upper atmosphere
4. The air is condensed to form cumulus clouds
5. With further cooling the cumulus clouds develop into cumulonimbus clouds
6. Much rain falls on the windward side of the highland
7. Very little rain falls on the leeward side of the highland

Cyclonic/frontal Rainfall

1. Cold air mass and warm air meets at a front
2. The cold air mass sinks because it is denser/heavier
3. The warm air mass rises over the cold air mass
4. The warm air mass rises into the upper atmosphere
5. It condenses to form cumulus clouds
6. Further cooling of the clouds causes the formation of cumulonimbus clouds
7. Rain falls ahead of the cold front
8. It falls in showers
9. It covers a wide area

(a)

Causes of irresponsible adolescent behaviour

1. Refusal of parents to provide children with their needs
2. Pressure from their peers to engage in bad behaviour
3. The adventurous nature of some children/curiosity
4. Failure of parents in show respect to their children
5. Parents engage in irresponsible behaviour themselves for instance engaging in prostitution, drunkenness, etc.
6. Some parents fail to show affection to their children and rather blame them for everything that goes wrong
7. Some children enjoy it when they are branded as "Bad boys"
8. Some children copy bad behaviour from the media such as films, magazines, adverts, etc.
9. Breakdown of the extended family system
10. Broken homes
11. Ignorance of some children/lack of education
12. Poverty on the part of the child/parent
13. The uncontrolled desire for material things

(b)

Benefits of adolescent chastity

1. Self dignity
2. Self confidence
3. Respect from adults or community
4. Easy to attract responsible partner for marriage
5. Uninterrupted education
6. Promotes self discipline
7. Brings honour to parents
8. Keeping focus on goals in life
9. Freedom from Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) including HIV/AIDS
10. Avoidance of early parenthood/teenage pregnancy
11. Avoidance of abortion and its effects
12. Brings about trust in marriage

a)

Conditions necessary for economic growth and high productivity

1. The use of modern technology: The use of computers, automated machines in agriculture and industries for instance has led to increase productivity in these sectors
2. Effective management: Management can acquire new skills from institutions like Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration which enable them improve on their efficiency and also perform their supervisory duties well to achieve higher productivity
3. Planning and target setting: This is necessary for increase in output. The experts should undertake thorough feasibility studies, formulate and implement policies that would lead to resource exploitation for sustainable development of the country
4. Training of workers: This could take the form of technical or vocational education, on the job training, in-service training or other institutional training programme for workers
5. Paying high wages to workers: Workers whose performances are appreciable must be paid in accordance with their output. This serves as motivation for greater performance
6. The use of appropriate tools in farming, manufacturing and other sectors of the economy has led to higher productivity for local use and export to earn foreign exchange for the country

b)

Reasons why Ghana's economy is not growing

1. Inadequate Infrastructure: The economy of Ghana is not growing because of its poor infrastructural facilities. The country's roads and railway networks are very poor and the supply of electricity and communication system are under-developed. These poor infrastructural facilities hinder the exploitation of the country's natural resources
2. Negative attitude towards work: Many Ghanaians especially those in the public sector exhibit poor attitude to work like absenteeism, lateness, loitering, laziness and so on. These negative attitudes result in time lost to production, breaks in smooth running of production and these affect the quality of work
3. Illiteracy: There are many people who are illiterates in Ghana. It has been estimated that about 50% Ghanaian children of school going age do not attend school. Illiterate population cannot easily adopt modern technology and scientific methods of farming to increase output
4. Political instability: The frequent changes of government by the military and ethnic conflicts do not make the economy to grow. New governments tend to discontinue the plans of the government they replace. Ghana has had about three changes of government through coup d'états and these adversely affected the nation's development
5. Lack of capital: Capital in the form of machines, equipment and others are limited. Since we do not have the technology or cannot buy the machines which we can use to exploit our natural resources, the economy cannot grow
6. Lack of effective supervision: There is lack of effective supervision in the public sector. Supervision in the economy particularly in the government sector is very poor and workers loiter about, converse and work lotto thereby wasting working hours which could have been used to increase productivity to grow the economy

a)

b)

Total volume of production = 90000 + 70000 + 80000 + 30000 + 60000

Total volume of production = 330,000 tonnes

c)

Other method that can be used to represent the data above

1. Pie chart
2. Line graph
3. Percentage bar graph
4. Proportional circle
5. Divided bar graph