a)

Relief/Orographic Rainfall

1. Warm moist air from the sea, lake or any water body blows against a highland barrier such as a mountain
2. The air formed is rise above the highland
3. The air becomes cooler in the upper atmosphere
4. The air is condensed to form cumulus clouds
5. With further cooling the cumulus clouds develop into cumulonimbus clouds
6. Much rain falls on the windward side of the highland
7. Very little rain falls on the leeward side of the highland

b)

Areas in Ghana which experiences relief rainfall

1. Aburi - Akuapem (Akwapim - Togoland ranges)
2. Kusa area near Formena, Atiwa Range
3. Kwahu Range
4. Parts of Volta Region (Amedzofe area)
5. Asante Mampong area (Ashanti Region)

c)

Benefits of rainfall

1. Domestic uses (washing of clothes, drinking, cooking, etc.)
2. Helping to cool the weather
3. Helping farmers to plant their crops
4. Making the grass to grow to provide food for animals
5. Providing water for use in the dry season (irrigation)

(a)

Reasons for the coming of the early Europeans into West Africa

1. To discover the sea route to India and the Far East
2. To colonize
3. To explore the interior of Africa
4. To trade with the people of West Africa
5. To spread Christianity and check the spread of Islam
6. To introduce European type of education through establishment of schools
7. They needed raw materials for their industries
8. They wanted to expand their market for their products

(b)

Effects of the coming of the Europeans on the people

1. Conversion of the people to Christianity
2. Slave trade caused depopulation of the region, for able-bodied people were taken away
3. Introduction of currency as the medium of exchange in place of the barter system
4. Introduction of Formal Education by opening of schools and colleges
5. Growth of towns through urbanization
6. Establishment of peace, law and order
7. Scientific method of farming was introduced
8. Introduction of new crops such as cocoyam, cocoa, coffee, etc.
9. Changes in our culture-tastes for European goods such as food, dressing, marriages, family system, etc.
10. New types of buildings/architecture were introduced
11. Creation of nation states within colonial boundaries
12. Provision of infrastructure such as roads, railways, ports and harbours, communication
13. They exploited African resources such as gold
14. Castles built along the coast are now historical monuments and seat of government
15. Introduction of a new system of government
16. Loss of self-esteem, respect and self-reliance

(a)

Factors that led to the 1948 riots in the Gold Coast

1. Shooting and killing of the three Ex-servicemen at the Osu cross road
2. Non-payment of pension to the veterans/unfulfilled promises to the ex-servicemen
3. Unemployment among school leavers in the country
4. Shortage of essential commodities
5. Refusal to grant loans to local traders
6. Poor living conditions for ex-soldiers
7. Monopolisation of wholesale and international trade by foreigners (AWAM)
8. General discrimination against the local people
9. Introduction of conditional sales by foreign traders
10. Cutting down diseased cocoa trees
11. High cost of goods
12. Dissatisfaction of the Burns constitution
13. Resentment towards colonial rule

Any 4 @ 2 marks each = 8 marks

(b)

Ways the 1948 riots contributed to Ghana's independence

Any 4 points @ 3 marks each = 12 marks

a)

Reasons for the rise of the old Mali Empire

1. Oppresive rule of Sumanguru and the support from the vessal states: Oppressed vessal states helped Sundiata to fight against Sumanguru and defeated him. Sundiata's people were also loyal to him and helped him to conquer the small kingdoms close to him. In 1240 Sundiata also conquered Old Ghana and made it part of Mali
2. Good Governance: The kings of Mali established a good metropolitan, provincial and local government system which led to peace and justices throughout the empire. The people were loyal to Sundiata, Sakora, Mansa Suleman because of their good leadership
3. Use of Islam: The introduction of Islam made Mali very popular under Mansa Musa both in North Africa and outside Africa. Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca also made the empire very popular
4. Strong Standing Army: The Mali Kingdom expanded rapidly under Sakora, due to its strong army. Mansa Musa also used the strength of the army to make the Mali Kingdom as empire through conquest
5. Administration of justice: Laws were enforced without fear or favour and the citizen received preferential treatment

b)

Factors that led to the fall of the old Mali Empire

1. Collapse of central government: The collapse of the central administration led to the disintegration of the empires as the soldiers were not willing to defend the Empire and its people
2. Weak rulers: After the reign of Mansa Suleyman, the administration was taken over by incompetent leaders who misused the resources of the empire
3. The rise of the Songhai Empire: In 1468, Sunni Ali of Songhai started to raid Mali and conquered it completely
4. Disagreement: Disagreements occurred due to constant internal dissension that led to the assassination of Mausa Maghan II after a short reign
5. Division of provinces: Many provinces broke away due to the continuous attack by the Mossis and Tuaregs

a)

Benefits African countries get from cooperation

1. To government, it promotes exchange of ideas on matters affecting the individual states
2. It helps to maintain African cultural heritage and pride
3. It leads to unity and solidarity among African nations and that unity is made known to the outside world
4. It grants African countries respect and influence at international meetings
5. It brings about the respect for human dignity and human rights
6. It provides bigger market share for individual countries to trade their products and services among themselves

b)

Ways by which African governments bring about cooperation among themselves

1. Through the establishment of institutions such as O.A.U, ECOWAS, NEPAD, ECOMOG, etc.
2. Through bilateral and multilateral meetings among nations such as ECOWAS and O.A.U members
3. Through the organizations of sporting events
4. Through the establishment of joint commissions for specific functions such as West African Examination Council (WAEC) and the West African Gas Pipe Line
5. Through the establishment of embassies or High Commissions in other African countries
6. Organization of African regional trade fairs where African local products can be advertised and sold