a)

b)

Effects of this age distribution on development in Ghana

1. The country will have a large labour force in the future
2. A youthful population promotes specialization
3. A youthful population increases demand for goods and services required for young people (large market)
4. Government expenses on social services will be high
5. The dependency ratio is high therefore there is too much burden on the working population
6. There will be low savings and low investment
7. The government will spend a lot of money on the youth and aged in the field of education and health respectively
8. There will be high government expenditure on pensioners
9. Development will be slow
10. Low tax revenue

a)

Study the table below and match correctly the events in column A against the year it occurred in column B.

b)

Causes of the 1948 riots in the Gold Coast.

a)

Contributions of the manufacturing industry to the economy of Ghana

1. Creating employment for the youth
2. Generating revenues for the government through tax
3. Supplying goods and services to the general public for consumption
4. Helping to correct balance of payment problem in Ghana/Source of foreign exchange
5. Adding value to raw produce locally for instance cocoa beans is processed into cocoa butter

b)

Problems facing the manufacturing industry in Ghana

1. Lack of available markets for finished products
2. Lack of capital for expansion
3. Lack of skilled labour (workers)
4. Lack of stable government
5. High tax burden on industries
6. Low development of our roads
7. Lack of enough raw materials

(a)

Ways by which national elections promote democracy in Ghana

1. Prevent dictatorship
2. Serve as mechanism for selection of leaders
3. Encourage a healthy competition among political parties
4. Allow for mobilization of the people
5. Provide unity and integration in the political system
6. Express the will of the people
7. Promote good governance
8. Attraction of investors
9. Prevent strife and civil wars
10. Promote accountability and transparency
11. Promote political participation
12. Promote legitimacy of political office holders
13. Promote peaceful change of government
14. Promote political education

(b)

Ways citizens can contribute to the development of the state

1. By paying taxes
2. By reporting crime activities to the police
3. Not getting involved in criminal activities
4. By offering voluntary services to the state when called upon
5. By participating in National politics
6. Exhibiting positive work ethics
7. By honouring communal labour activities
8. By defending the constitution of the state at all times
9. By being law abiding
10. Discouraging outmoded cultural practices
11. Protecting national properties
12. Engaging in public education activities
13. Protection of the environment
14. Projecting the good image of the country

a)

Reasons for the rise of the old Mali Empire

1. Oppresive rule of Sumanguru and the support from the vessal states: Oppressed vessal states helped Sundiata to fight against Sumanguru and defeated him. Sundiata's people were also loyal to him and helped him to conquer the small kingdoms close to him. In 1240 Sundiata also conquered Old Ghana and made it part of Mali
2. Good Governance: The kings of Mali established a good metropolitan, provincial and local government system which led to peace and justices throughout the empire. The people were loyal to Sundiata, Sakora, Mansa Suleman because of their good leadership
3. Use of Islam: The introduction of Islam made Mali very popular under Mansa Musa both in North Africa and outside Africa. Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca also made the empire very popular
4. Strong Standing Army: The Mali Kingdom expanded rapidly under Sakora, due to its strong army. Mansa Musa also used the strength of the army to make the Mali Kingdom as empire through conquest
5. Administration of justice: Laws were enforced without fear or favour and the citizen received preferential treatment

b)

Factors that led to the fall of the old Mali Empire

1. Collapse of central government: The collapse of the central administration led to the disintegration of the empires as the soldiers were not willing to defend the Empire and its people
2. Weak rulers: After the reign of Mansa Suleyman, the administration was taken over by incompetent leaders who misused the resources of the empire
3. The rise of the Songhai Empire: In 1468, Sunni Ali of Songhai started to raid Mali and conquered it completely
4. Disagreement: Disagreements occurred due to constant internal dissension that led to the assassination of Mausa Maghan II after a short reign
5. Division of provinces: Many provinces broke away due to the continuous attack by the Mossis and Tuaregs

a)

Human resource refers to the skills and ability of a population to use them to facilitate development.

b)

Factors that can negatively affect human resource in Ghana

1. Incidence of diseases: The incidence of diseases like malaria, cholera, typhoid and HIV/AIDS all affect the ability/capabilities of human beings to work to contribute towards national development
2. Incidence of accidents which lead to deaths resulting in the loss of human resources
3. Insecurity: Armed robbery, ethnic conflicts, ritual murder, etc. can result in the loss of human resources or limit the use of abilities/capabilities to work to contribute towards national development
4. Disasters: Droughts, floods, bush fires lead to the loss of human power
5. Rapid growth of population leads to lack of basic facilities, low nutrition, poverty and incidence of diseases that affect human power
6. Bribery and corruption
7. Favouritism and nepotism
8. Absence of co-operant factors e.g. machinery and tools
9. Low level of education/training to upgrade skills
10. Poor conditions of work or service
11. Traditional beliefs, taboos, norms, etc.
12. Apathy/Negative attitude towards work

c)

Measures that can be taken to improve human resource in Ghana

1. Improvement in health services and sanitation
2. Increased family planning services to reduce the population
3. Reduction of accidents through the proper training of drivers, construction of good roads and all-weather roads, re-training of drivers to acquire better driving skills
4. Increased education programmes on the elimination of crimes and idleness
5. Educational reforms aimed at training technical personnel to man the various sectors of the economy
6. Increased supervision: Workers should be properly supervised to increase productivity
7. Workers should be motivated to work harder by improving their service conditions and wages
8. Career guidance and counselling
9. Providing an enabling environment for development
10. Strict enforcement of laws on corruption, bribery, etc.
11. Avoidance of nepotism and favouritism in employment