a)

Examples of natural disasters

1. Flood/torrential rain
2. Hurricane/typhoon
3. Tsunamis
4. Volcanic eruption
5. Land slides
6. Wildfire/bush fire
7. Drought
8. Avalanche
9. Tornado
10. Earth quake
11. Earth tremor
12. Sink holes
13. Blizzards
14. Cyclonic storms
15. Thunder storms
16. Hail stone
17. Heat wave
18. Water scarcity
19. Solar flare
20. Limnic eruption
21. Lightening

b)

Ways by which the physical environment can be protected from degradation

1. Enforcement of legislation against degradation
2. Use of appropriate farming methods eg. contour ploughing, shifting cultivation
3. Use of appropriate technology
4. Setting up of conservation of forest
5. Public education
6. Afforestation
7. Re-afforestation
8. Recycle of resources
9. Using lesser known resources
10. Exploration of alternative energy sources
11. Proper disposal of waste
12. Use of bio-degradable materials
13. Proper waste management
14. Controlling of soil erosion
15. Use of proper fishing methods
16. Forest reserves
17. Exploration of alternative sources of resources
18. Setting up of conservation agencies
19. Controlled grazing
20. Cutting down on consumption of limited resources
21. Reuse of physical resources
22. Green transportation eg. the use of bicycles/walking to reduce vehicle emission
23. Rain water harvest
24. Pursuing sustainable development goals/policy
25. Environmental monitoring
26. Implementing voluntary action on environmental education eg. Communal labour
27. Keeping vehicles in good condition against emission of excessive smoke
28. Using of public transport instead of personal vehicles
29. Environmental impact assessment before establishing industries
30. Avoiding the use of genetically modified organisms
31. Partaking in programmes supporting protecting the environment
32. Control of sand winning/mining
33. Planting of trees along water bodies
34. Use of proper mining methods
35. Setting firebelts

(a)

(b)

Contributions of the 1992 constitution of Ghana to the development of the nation

1. Prevention of dictatorial rule
2. Serves as a guide for change of government
3. Serves as terms of reference to maintain law and order
4. Determines type of political system used to run the country
5. Given legitimacy to government and political institutions
6. Gives Ghana the status of nationhood
7. Ensures accountability and good governance
8. Protects human right
9. Establishes various organs/arms of government and their functions
10. Recognises chieftaincy as an institution
11. Allocates functions of the organs of Government

Any 4 @ 3 marks each = 12 marks

a)

Types of rainfall experienced in Ghana

1. Convectional
2. Relief/Orographic
3. Cyclonic/frontal

b)

Convectional Rainfall

1. The heating of the land surface causes evaporation of warm moist
2. The warm moist air becomes light and it is forced to rise by convection currents
3. The moist air becomes cooler in the upper atmosphere
4. The moist air condenses and forms cumulus rain clouds
5. With further cooling, cumulus clouds develop into cumulonimbus clouds
6. Heavy rain often accompanied by thunder and lightning falls
7. Hailstones may fall
8. Convectional rainfall occurs mostly in the afternoon

Relief/Orographic Rainfall

1. Warm moist air from the sea, lake or any water body blows against a highland barrier
2. The air formed is rise above the highland
3. The air becomes cooler in the upper atmosphere
4. The air is condensed to form cumulus clouds
5. With further cooling the cumulus clouds develop into cumulonimbus clouds
6. Much rain falls on the windward side of the highland
7. Very little rain falls on the leeward side of the highland

Cyclonic/frontal Rainfall

1. Cold air mass and warm air meets at a front
2. The cold air mass sinks because it is denser/heavier
3. The warm air mass rises over the cold air mass
4. The warm air mass rises into the upper atmosphere
5. It condenses to form cumulus clouds
6. Further cooling of the clouds causes the formation of cumulonimbus clouds
7. Rain falls ahead of the cold front
8. It falls in showers
9. It covers a wide area

a)

Kissi is at the North-East of Tamo

b)

Distance in kilometres along the class one road from Aplu to the bridge across River Lawi

Distance on map = 5 cm

Scale = 1 cm : 2 km

If 1 cm = 2 km
5 cm = $\frac{\mathrm{5\; cm\; x\; 2\; km}}{\mathrm{1\; cm}}$ = 10 km

∴ Actual distance between Aplu and River Lawi is 10 km

c)

River Lawi flows from North-East to South-West

d)

The feature marked X at the mouth of River Lawi is a estuary

e)

Railway and road are the two lines of communication of the area

f)

Products that are likely to be exported through the Tamo port

1. Timber
2. Gold
3. Sugar cane

(a)

Productivity is output per man-hour. It is said to be high when a person, within a given time, produces more goods/services than another person.

(b)

Ways of increasing productivity in Ghana

1. Public education of negative practices that lower productivity
2. Emphasis should be laid on technical education to train middle-level manpower
3. Workers should be motivated by improving service conditions and other benefits
4. Workers should be given on-the-job training and should attend refresher courses to improve their skills
5. In agriculture, irrigation projects should be set up to increase agricultural production
6. Credit facilities should be granted to entrepreneurs to make them put up their best
7. Planning and target setting
8. Using appropriate tools and equipment
9. Using modern technology such as computers, tractors, combine harvesters, etc.
10. Effective work ethics such as punctuality, regularity, hard work, honesty, etc.
11. Increase in the level of supervision or managerial skills