a)

b)

Solution to the problems of state owned enterprises

1. Adequate funding
2. Effective supervision by management
3. Motivation/Good working conditions
4. Employment of skilled personnel
5. Government should stop interfering in their affairs

a)

Aims of the Organization of African Unity (OAU)

1. Promotion of unity and solidarity among member states
2. Removal of all forms of colonialism and the neo-colonialism in Africa
3. Defence: To defend the sovereignty and independence of African states
4. Respect: To respect the independent status of every member state
5. Promotion of international co-operation among African states and other states within the framework of the United Nations Organization
6. To work towards a better standard of living in Africa
7. To protect the rights and freedoms of African citizens

b)

Problems facing the Organization of African Unity (OAU)

1. Lack of a common language which hinders the development of a true sense of unity
2. Political upheaval and coup d'états in most African countries. These affect decision making in the organization. New leaders lack the political will to obey the rules of the organization
3. Distrust among member states due to political and ideological differences
4. The absence of a standing army to enforce/implement political decisions, especially in times of civil wars and conflicts
5. Financial constraints resulting from failure of some member states to pay dues or contributions on time
6. Inter-state border disputes between some member countries such as Ethiopia and Sudan, Mauritania and Morocco posed great challenge to the organization in conflict resolution
7. Lack of economic freedom as a result of allegiance owed to colonial masters by African nations. This most often made it impossible for them to unilaterally take decisions on trade, politics and general administration of the respective countries. Francophone countries in Africa are typical examples

(a)

Causes of irresponsible adolescent behaviour

1. Refusal of parents to provide children with their needs
2. Pressure from their peers to engage in bad behaviour
3. The adventurous nature of some children/curiosity
4. Failure of parents in show respect to their children
5. Parents engage in irresponsible behaviour themselves for instance engaging in prostitution, drunkenness, etc.
6. Some parents fail to show affection to their children and rather blame them for everything that goes wrong
7. Some children enjoy it when they are branded as "Bad boys"
8. Some children copy bad behaviour from the media such as films, magazines, adverts, etc.
9. Breakdown of the extended family system
10. Broken homes
11. Ignorance of some children/lack of education
12. Poverty on the part of the child/parent
13. The uncontrolled desire for material things

(b)

Benefits of adolescent chastity

1. Self dignity
2. Self confidence
3. Respect from adults or community
4. Easy to attract responsible partner for marriage
5. Uninterrupted education
6. Promotes self discipline
7. Brings honour to parents
8. Keeping focus on goals in life
9. Freedom from Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) including HIV/AIDS
10. Avoidance of early parenthood/teenage pregnancy
11. Avoidance of abortion and its effects
12. Brings about trust in marriage

a)

Social problems of rapid population growth in Ghana

1. Drug abuse
2. Juvenile delinquency
3. Increase in crime rate
4. Teenage pregnancy
5. Broken homes
6. Malnutrition/poor nutrition
7. Early marriages
8. Environmental pollution
9. Unemployment
10. Congestion/over-crowding
11. Pressure on social amenities such as hospitals, schools, housing, water supply, etc.

b)

Ways of reducing population growth in Ghana

1. Abstaining from pre-marital sex
2. Implementation of national policies on population such as family planning, education, etc.
3. Limitations on immigrants
4. Making family life education accessible to the adolescent and the family
5. Encouraging the use of condoms
6. Instituting laws governing marriages and child birth
7. Young people of school going age should be encouraged to go to school, learn about sexual reproduction and its associate dangers and grow up to be meaningful citizens

a)

Dr. Kwame Nkrumah

1. Was the first president of Ghana and the leading instrument in the fight for independence
2. He was the prime minister in 1952 and later ruled Ghana as president from 1960 to 1966
3. Born at Nkroful on 21^st September, 1909 in the Western Region of Ghana
4. He attended Roman Catholic Primary and Middle Schools at Half-Assini and taught for a year as a pupil teacher in the same town
5. He attended Achimota College in 1926 and got a teaching certificate in 1930
6. He travelled to America in 1935 and studied at Lincoln University where he received a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Economics and Sociology and a Degree in Theology
7. He also attended the University of Pennsylvania and received a Masers Degree in Philosophy and a Master of Science Degree in Education
8. He left the USA for Britain to study Economics at the London School of Economics between 1945 and 1947
9. He was invited to the Gold Coast by the leadership of the UGCC in 1947 to occupy the post of General Secretary of the party
10. He later left the UGCC to form his own political party, the Convention People's Party (CPP) on 12^th June, 1949
11. He helped Ghana to gain independence on 6^th March, 1957
12. His government was overthrown on 24^th February, 1966
13. He died on 27^{th April, 1972 in Bucharest (Romania)}

Achievements of Dr. Kwame Nkrumah

1. He led Ghana to attain her independence from the colonial masters
2. He constructed the Tema motorway and townships
3. He constructed the Adomi Bridge
4. He started the Akosombo Dam in 1961 and completed it in 1965
5. He introduced irrigation farming particularly for rice and sugar cultivation at Komenda and Asutuare
6. He built the Tema Harbour
7. He played a major role in the formation of the Organization of African Unity (OAU)
8. He introduced the compulsory and free-tuition primary education including the free text-books scheme
9. He established several institutions of higher learning such as Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology at Kumasi in 1952 and Cape Coast University in 1962 at Cape Coast
10. He built new hospitals such as Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital in Kumasi and Effia Nkwanta Hospital at Secondi Takoradi
11. He established the University of Ghana Medical School at Korle-Bu in Accra

b)

Sir Frederick Gordon Guggisberg

1. He was a Canadian born British Governor who ruled the Gold Coast from 1919 to 1927
2. He was born in 1869
3. He first arrived in Gold Coast in 1901 to draw survey maps of the country and left in 1908
4. He also took part in the first world war from 1914 to 1918

Achievements of Sir Gordon Guggisberg

1. Development of health centres
2. Initiative development plan
3. Construction of ports and harbour
4. Construction of roads
5. Construction of railway lines
6. Proposed electrification projects
7. Establishment of schools
8. Release of seized lands to owners
9. Drafted more Africans into Administration/civil service
10. Drafted a constitution for the country
11. Brokered peace between the British and the country
12. Chiefs were represented in legislation
13. Set up of Provincial Councils for each province
14. Helped in the development of agriculture sector
15. Encouraged the teaching of technical and vocational skills in schools
16. Encouraged the teaching of local history and languages
17. Encouraged the education of girls
18. Returned Prempeh I from Seychelles Island

a)

Types of rainfall experienced in Ghana

1. Convectional
2. Relief/Orographic
3. Cyclonic/frontal

b)

Convectional Rainfall

1. The heating of the land surface causes evaporation of warm moist
2. The warm moist air becomes light and it is forced to rise by convection currents
3. The moist air becomes cooler in the upper atmosphere
4. The moist air condenses and forms cumulus rain clouds
5. With further cooling, cumulus clouds develop into cumulonimbus clouds
6. Heavy rain often accompanied by thunder and lightning falls
7. Hailstones may fall
8. Convectional rainfall occurs mostly in the afternoon

Relief/Orographic Rainfall

1. Warm moist air from the sea, lake or any water body blows against a highland barrier
2. The air formed is rise above the highland
3. The air becomes cooler in the upper atmosphere
4. The air is condensed to form cumulus clouds
5. With further cooling the cumulus clouds develop into cumulonimbus clouds
6. Much rain falls on the windward side of the highland
7. Very little rain falls on the leeward side of the highland

Cyclonic/frontal Rainfall

1. Cold air mass and warm air meets at a front
2. The cold air mass sinks because it is denser/heavier
3. The warm air mass rises over the cold air mass
4. The warm air mass rises into the upper atmosphere
5. It condenses to form cumulus clouds
6. Further cooling of the clouds causes the formation of cumulonimbus clouds
7. Rain falls ahead of the cold front
8. It falls in showers
9. It covers a wide area