(a)

Causes of environmental degradation

Air
1. Cars emit smoke which pollutes the environment
2. Harmful gases from factories
3. Destroying trees that provide oxygen, leads to pollution
4. Bad odour from dead animals, gutters, refuse dump, excreta, etc. pollute the air
5. Smoke from burning
6. Dust in air through construction works

Land
1. Overgrazing
2. Mining or quarrying
3. Sand winning
4. Use of fertilizers
5. Destruction of vegetation for timber
6. Improper layout of towns/urbanization
7. Bushfires
8. Bad farming practices such as slash and burn
9. Improper waste disposal

Water
1. Discharge of industrial chemicals into water bodies
2. Poor fishing methods such as the use of dangerous chemicals like DDT
3. Spilling of oil into water bodies which kill the living things like fish
4. Dumping of solid and liquid waste into water bodies
5. Cattle grazing whereby they drink from water bodies, contaminating the water
6. Washing and bathing in and around water bodies

(b)

Ways by which the environment can be protected from degradation

1. Legislation: Laws should be passed to prosecute law breakers who pollute the environment
2. Afforestation: Growing of trees to replace burnt or cut ones
3. Education by Fire Service,NADMO and others on the need to maintain a healthy environment
4. Encourage farmers to use appropriate farming methods
5. Set-up conservation agencies to keep and maintain forest reserves such as Forestry Commission, Friends of Water Bodies, etc.
6. Recycling of solid and liquid waste
7. Encouraging proper disposal of domestic waste
8. Encouraging proper disposal of industrial waste
9. Controlling soil erosion by planting cover crops, ridging, etc.
10. Fishermen should use appropriate fishing methods
11. Encourage controlled grazing
12. Encourage controlled exploitation of forest resources

(a)

Productivity is output per man-hour. It is said to be high when a person, within a given time, produces more goods/services than another person.

(b)

Ways of increasing productivity in Ghana

1. Public education of negative practices that lower productivity
2. Emphasis should be laid on technical education to train middle-level manpower
3. Workers should be motivated by improving service conditions and other benefits
4. Workers should be given on-the-job training and should attend refresher courses to improve their skills
5. In agriculture, irrigation projects should be set up to increase agricultural production
6. Credit facilities should be granted to entrepreneurs to make them put up their best
7. Planning and target setting
8. Using appropriate tools and equipment
9. Using modern technology such as computers, tractors, combine harvesters, etc.
10. Effective work ethics such as punctuality, regularity, hard work, honesty, etc.
11. Increase in the level of supervision or managerial skills

a)

b)

1.Protecting national property

2. Being Patriotic

3. Patronizing goods made in Ghana

4. living according to the country's constitution

5. Reporting criminals to law enforcement

6. Protecting the symbols national unity

7. Displaying moral character

(a)

(b)

Effects of superstitious beliefs on a community

1. It slows down growth and scientific development. This reduces the ability of the people to solve problems in a rational manner
2. There is abuse of human rights. Individuals accused of superstitious experience are abused against their fundamental human rights
3. It brings about irrational fear which makes people live in fear as a result of being afraid that someone who has supernatural powers may harm them
4. It reduces scientific and critical thinking for instance people do not question the reason behind some happenings
5. It brings about suspicion and mistrust which brings fear leading to break-up of families and relationships
6. It leads to animosity which can lead to ethnic conflicts
7. It leads to laziness and does not promote development
8. It brings social control and good morals
9. It preserves and conserves forest as certain forest are left because of superstitious beliefs
10. It brings about social cohesion and unity
11. Lot of resources are wasted on pacification and sacrifices
12. It promotes crime such as serial killings
13. It provides rest to farmers, fishermen, hunters
14. It maintains respect for law and order and respect for authority

(a)

Causes of irresponsible adolescent behaviour

1. Refusal of parents to provide children with their needs
2. Pressure from their peers to engage in bad behaviour
3. The adventurous nature of some children/curiosity
4. Failure of parents in show respect to their children
5. Parents engage in irresponsible behaviour themselves for instance engaging in prostitution, drunkenness, etc.
6. Some parents fail to show affection to their children and rather blame them for everything that goes wrong
7. Some children enjoy it when they are branded as "Bad boys"
8. Some children copy bad behaviour from the media such as films, magazines, adverts, etc.
9. Breakdown of the extended family system
10. Broken homes
11. Ignorance of some children/lack of education
12. Poverty on the part of the child/parent
13. The uncontrolled desire for material things

(b)

Benefits of adolescent chastity

1. Self dignity
2. Self confidence
3. Respect from adults or community
4. Easy to attract responsible partner for marriage
5. Uninterrupted education
6. Promotes self discipline
7. Brings honour to parents
8. Keeping focus on goals in life
9. Freedom from Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) including HIV/AIDS
10. Avoidance of early parenthood/teenage pregnancy
11. Avoidance of abortion and its effects
12. Brings about trust in marriage

a)

Reasons for the rise of the old Mali Empire

1. Oppresive rule of Sumanguru and the support from the vessal states: Oppressed vessal states helped Sundiata to fight against Sumanguru and defeated him. Sundiata's people were also loyal to him and helped him to conquer the small kingdoms close to him. In 1240 Sundiata also conquered Old Ghana and made it part of Mali
2. Good Governance: The kings of Mali established a good metropolitan, provincial and local government system which led to peace and justices throughout the empire. The people were loyal to Sundiata, Sakora, Mansa Suleman because of their good leadership
3. Use of Islam: The introduction of Islam made Mali very popular under Mansa Musa both in North Africa and outside Africa. Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca also made the empire very popular
4. Strong Standing Army: The Mali Kingdom expanded rapidly under Sakora, due to its strong army. Mansa Musa also used the strength of the army to make the Mali Kingdom as empire through conquest
5. Administration of justice: Laws were enforced without fear or favour and the citizen received preferential treatment

b)

Factors that led to the fall of the old Mali Empire

1. Collapse of central government: The collapse of the central administration led to the disintegration of the empires as the soldiers were not willing to defend the Empire and its people
2. Weak rulers: After the reign of Mansa Suleyman, the administration was taken over by incompetent leaders who misused the resources of the empire
3. The rise of the Songhai Empire: In 1468, Sunni Ali of Songhai started to raid Mali and conquered it completely
4. Disagreement: Disagreements occurred due to constant internal dissension that led to the assassination of Mausa Maghan II after a short reign
5. Division of provinces: Many provinces broke away due to the continuous attack by the Mossis and Tuaregs