a)

(a)

Reasons for the coming of the early Europeans into West Africa

1. To discover the sea route to India and the Far East
2. To colonize
3. To explore the interior of Africa
4. To trade with the people of West Africa
5. To spread Christianity and check the spread of Islam
6. To introduce European type of education through establishment of schools
7. They needed raw materials for their industries
8. They wanted to expand their market for their products

(b)

Effects of the coming of the Europeans on the people

1. Conversion of the people to Christianity
2. Slave trade caused depopulation of the region, for able-bodied people were taken away
3. Introduction of currency as the medium of exchange in place of the barter system
4. Introduction of Formal Education by opening of schools and colleges
5. Growth of towns through urbanization
6. Establishment of peace, law and order
7. Scientific method of farming was introduced
8. Introduction of new crops such as cocoyam, cocoa, coffee, etc.
9. Changes in our culture-tastes for European goods such as food, dressing, marriages, family system, etc.
10. New types of buildings/architecture were introduced
11. Creation of nation states within colonial boundaries
12. Provision of infrastructure such as roads, railways, ports and harbours, communication
13. They exploited African resources such as gold
14. Castles built along the coast are now historical monuments and seat of government
15. Introduction of a new system of government
16. Loss of self-esteem, respect and self-reliance

a)

Ways by which water can be polluted in Ghana

1. By dumping waste materials into water
2. By using chemicals such as DDT to catch fish/Bad fishing method
3. By dumping petroleum products and oil spillage into water bodies
4. By pouring sand into the water (blocking water ways with sand)
5. By allowing animals to use same source of water with human beings
6. By human activities such as washing and bathing in rivers or lakes

b)

Effects of water pollution

1. Spread of water borne diseases such as cholera and bilharzia
2. It will also destroy fishes and other aquatic lives (animals and plants) in the water bodies
3. High cost of treating polluted water in order to make it safe for drinking
4. When water becomes polluted and unsafe for drinking, there could be shortage of water

a)

Characteristics of the North-East Trade winds (Harmattan)

1. It is a dry wind which blows over West Africa from Sahara desert. It is dry and hazy
2. It blows from North-East to South-West direction
3. It carries a lot of dust which makes breathing very difficult
4. There are very few or no rain clouds in the sky during these periods
5. It brings about haze and makes visibility poor
6. It blows between October and November, also February and March and extends to the North in April
7. Temperatures are generally lower with coldness in the nights

b)

Usefulness of the North-East Trade winds

1. The weather conditions make it easy for farmers to dry their crops such as cocoa, maize, etc.
2. The harmattan season is mosquito-free period because stagnant water are mostly not available (dried) to breed mosquitoes
3. It helps farmers to prepare new lands for next farming season
4. The dry season helps in the production of salt

c)

Disadvantages of the North-East Trade winds

1. Poor visibility: The operations flights (aeroplanes) are disrupted due to bad weather
2. Bushfire: Dry land are exposed to frequent bushfires resulting in lose of properties
3. Dusty atmosphere which is harmful to human health
4. Rivers and streams reduce in size and volume rendering water supply for hydroelectric power for domestic and industrial purpose difficult
5. Easy spread of diseases like influenza and cerebrospinal meningitis (CSM) in the dry season
6. Quick dry lips and skin

a)

b

1. A Chief is a custodians of tradition

2. A Chief serves as an intermediary between the traditional area and the federal government.

3. A Chief make sure the customs and rituals are followed

5. Ensures that peace prevails in the area by settling disputes and conflicts

6. A Chief makes bye law

7. Organizes Festivals

c)

1. Raises public awareness of the District Assembly's programs

2. mobilizes the populace in support of community work

3. provides the District Assembly with information about the community's ideas, opinions, and problems.

4. gives the populace feedback on the decisions made by the District Assembly

5. Participate in District Asembly meetings

6. launch development initiative

a)

b)

Importance of rivers in Ghana

1. Provide water for domestic use e.g. drinking, cooking, washing, etc.
2. For industrial use e.g. cooling of engines, washing and dying, etc.
3. Provide water for irrigation
4. Generation of hydro-electric power (HEP)
5. Transportation
6. Source of food e.g. fish
7. Help in the formation of rain
8. Source of minerals e.g. alluvial gold and diamond
9. For tourist attractions e.g. waterfalls, dams, bridges, etc.
10. Collection and storage of excess water
11. Employment avenues e.g. fishermen
12. Home for aquatic life

c)

Ways by which our water bodies can be protected

1. Creation of forest reserves at the sources and along the river banks
2. Afforestation and re-afforestation
3. Legislation against the indiscriminate cutting of trees
4. Measures to prevent pollution of water bodies e.g. use of chemicals
5. Public education on the need to protect water bodies