a)

Secondary production is the process of turning raw materials into finished and semi-finished goods.

Examples of secondary production

1. Manufacturing
2. Industrialization/Processing
3. Construction

b)

Reasons why the secondary production sector is important in Ghana

1. It serves as a source of employment e.g. plumbers, electricians, etc.
2. It helps a country earn and conserve foreign exchange from export of the goods
3. Sources of revenue to government (taxation)
4. It provides market for the agricultural sector
5. It helps in the development of infrastructure e.g. roads, good water, electricity, etc.
6. It adds value to raw materials for export
7. It leads to an increase in technological development
8. Reduces post harvest losses for instance abundant harvest are processed into finished and semi-finished products e.g. canned fish, meat, tomatoes, etc.
9. Diversification of the economy, moving away from the dependence on raw materials like minerals, cocoa and timber to canned fruits, textiles and knock down furniture, etc.
10. Produces manufactured goods for local consumption

a)

The Poll Tax Ordinance of 1852 was a law passed by the British which made it obligatory for every citizen in the Gold Coast to pay one shilling every year as a levy to enable the government to provide amenities such as schools, roads, etc. and to pay workers serving them.

b)

Reasons why the Poll Tax Ordinance failed

1. The people discovered that part of the revenue was used to pay public servants
2. The people were annoyed because the collection of taxes was done by officials appointed by the British instead of chiefs as demanded by custom
3. Some of the chiefs did not want their people to pay the tax. This was because they felt that the British did not keep their promise to protect them from the Asantes
4. The chiefs failed to consult their people before agreeing with the British to pay the tax, hence their refusal to pay the tax
5. The people assigned to collect the money were not honest and they were keeping some of the money they collected to themselves
6. The people refused to pay because they learnt that it was to be paid every year

(a)

Ways by which national elections promote democracy in Ghana

1. Prevent dictatorship
2. Serve as mechanism for selection of leaders
3. Encourage a healthy competition among political parties
4. Allow for mobilization of the people
5. Provide unity and integration in the political system
6. Express the will of the people
7. Promote good governance
8. Attraction of investors
9. Prevent strife and civil wars
10. Promote accountability and transparency
11. Promote political participation
12. Promote legitimacy of political office holders
13. Promote peaceful change of government
14. Promote political education

(b)

Ways citizens can contribute to the development of the state

1. By paying taxes
2. By reporting crime activities to the police
3. Not getting involved in criminal activities
4. By offering voluntary services to the state when called upon
5. By participating in National politics
6. Exhibiting positive work ethics
7. By honouring communal labour activities
8. By defending the constitution of the state at all times
9. By being law abiding
10. Discouraging outmoded cultural practices
11. Protecting national properties
12. Engaging in public education activities
13. Protection of the environment
14. Projecting the good image of the country

a)

b)

1. Financial support guarantees

2. Suitable economic environment for business

3. Legal and regulatory support

4. Patronizing made-in-Ghana goods and services

5. Trade fair supports

6. facilitation of business network access

7. business-friendly political environment

8. Ensuring production of quality goods and services

a)

Human rights abuse is the infringement/violation of the rights and freedom of the individual.

b)

Reasons why people suffer human rights abuses

1. Illiteracy/low level of education/ignorance
2. Poverty
3. Lack of political representation of minority groups
4. Fear of intimidation
5. Apathy on the part of the individual
6. Lack of confidence in the judicial system
7. Religious traditional beliefs such as trokosi system, widowhood rites, child betrothal, etc.
8. Stigmatization by the public
9. Discrimination such as gender, race, colour, physical disability, religion, etc.
10. Parental irresponsibility such as child neglect, etc.

c)

Ways by which human rights abuses may be prevented

1. Public education on the rights and freedoms of the individual must be intensified
2. People must be empowered to be economically strong
3. Violators/offenders must be exposed and punished
4. Independent judiciary/court to settle all abuses impartially without fear of favour
5. Human Rights Institutions such as CHRAJ, DOVVSU, FIDA, MOWWAC should be strengthened to prevent human rights abuses
6. Modernization of outmoded cultural and traditional practices such as Dipo, etc.
7. The media should serve as a watch dog to expose all such abuses
8. Religious bodies and civil society organizations should show commitment to educate their followers on moral and ethical issues
9. Making formal education more accessible to the citizenry

a)

b)

1. Providing Sex education

2. Guidance and counselling

3. Good parental care and control

4. Giving good childhood training

5. Staying away from bad peer pressure

6. preserving healthy habits

7. Chastity