(a)

(b)

Percentage = $\frac{\mathrm{Number}}{\mathrm{Total}}$ x 100%

Quantity of grapes = 10,000

Total crops = 5000 + 10000 + 15000 = 30000

Percentage of grapes = $\frac{10000}{30000}$ x 100% = 33.3%

a)

Main vegetation types in Ghana

1. Mangrove/stand
2. Rain forest
3. Coastal shrub and grassland
4. Guinea Savannah

b)

Ways by which the vegetation is being destroyed

1. Mining activities: Galamsey mining operations and mining by the open-cast methods expose the vegetation
2. Overgrazing: Overgrazing by farm animals such as sheep and cattle leave the soil bare exposing it to erosion which eventually depletes the vegetation
3. Felling of trees: The indiscriminate felling of trees (deforestation) for fuel or timber destroys the vegetation
4. Bush burning: Burning of bush by farmers and hunters destroys the plant fob in the soil and exposes the land directly to rain water or wind to cause erosion
5. Human settlements: Putting up of houses and other structures for economic and other structures for economic and social activities call for the felling of trees which destroy the vegetation
6. Construction activities: Construction of roads and railways call for the felling of trees leading to the destruction of vegetation

c)

Ways by which the vegetation can be protected

1. Laws should be enacted to deal with people who cause bush fires
2. Education on agro-forestry should be embarked on
3. The forestry commission should take up the challenge of managing national parks and forest reserves
4. Encouragement of good farming practices such as crop rotation
5. Reafforestation projects should be encouraged

(a)

Challenges mostly associated with human resource development in Ghana

1. Brain drain
2. Inadequate training and retraining facilities
3. Limited welfare service
4. Poor conditions of service
5. Financial challenges
6. Inadequate job opportunities
7. Inconsistent government policies
8. Bribery and corruption
9. Nepotism/favouritism
10. Poor exhibition of values and attitudes/poor work ethics
11. Improper implementation of educational policies
12. Ineffective monitoring and supervision

(b)

Ways government can use the tourism industry to drive development in Ghana

1. Brings about infrastructural development in Ghana
2. Helps to promote local industries

(a)

Reasons why the transatlantic slave trade continued for a long time

1. The European slave traders found trading in human beings very profitable
2. Slaves offered valuable economic labour on sugar, cotton and coffee plantations in the West Indies and America
3. There was ready market for slaves in mines in South America
4. The African chiefs were very greedy to make much money
5. The middlemen found it profitable
6. Africans were not recognized in their own governments to be able to oppose the traders with a united front
7. Most Africans did not know their rights
8. Some chiefs wanted guns and gunpower to wage wars to conquer other territories/to expand their kingdoms and empires
9. Red Indians could not cope with the volume of work on the plantations and mines in America and West Indies

(b)

Negative effects of the slave trade on West Africa

1. Many Africans were killed during slave raids and ethnic wars for slaves and it led to a reduction in the youthful population
2. There was loss of manpower as about 210 million able-bodied young men and women who could have worked for development were taken away
3. There was racial discrimination as the Africans were treated as sub-human beings by their white slave masters
4. Africans dispersed to many parts of the world especially the Americans, West Indies, Asia and Europe
5. Africans suffered loss of image and self-respect. They felt inferior to people of other races
6. The trade made West Africans generally unsafe because of slave raids and tribal wars
7. Africans became more barbaric and brutal than before the trade
8. Africans lost confidence in themselves in their ability to rely on their own minds and efforts to development

a)

Contours are lines drawn on maps to show places of equal height above sea level. They also show relief features. The distances between contour lines are known as vertical distance or vertical intervals.

b)

(a)

Causes of urbanization

1. Better educational facilities
2. For commercial activities (trading, banking, etc.)
3. To enjoy better social amenities such as hospitals, electricity, pipe-borne water etc.
4. Employment or job opportunities
5. Expectation of a higher standard of living or prestige
6. Industrialization/Opening of more industries
7. Rural-urban drift due to poor development in the rural areas
8. Natural increase in population
9. Avoidance of family commitment, social responsibilities and outmoded cultural practices

(b)

Effects of urbanization

1. Overpopulation in the urban areas/depopulation in the rural areas
2. Pressure on social amenities
3. Development of slums
4. Proliferation of social vices
5. Unemployment
6. Environment pollution
7. Overcrowding/congestion/streetism/street hawkers
8. Traffic jams (vehicle and human)
9. High cost of living - rent, food
10. Low agricultural productivity in rural areas