a)

Salat is the second pillar and the five compulsory daily prayers of Islam.

The five compulsory prayers

1. Fajr at dawn
2. Zuhr at midday
3. Asr at afternoon
4. Maghrib at evening
5. Ishai at night

How Muslim prayer (Salat) is performed

1. Muslim prayer is preceded by ablution.
2. The prayer is led by an imam, with the people in standing posture behind him.
3. Prayer is offered by standing on a prayer mat or on animal skin.
4. They pray facing the Kabah in the eastern direction of Mecca.
5. Both hands are raised to the level of the ear and the statement 'Allahu Akbar' is made.
6. The arms are folded on the chest with the right hand over the left and the Sura Fatihah is recited.
7. The hands are raised to the ear again and 'Allahu Akbar' recited.
8. They put their hands on their knees and bend down saying 'Glory be to my Lord, the greatest'.
9. They stand upright and say 'Allah listens to whoever thanks Him. Our Lord, thanks be to thee'.
10. They make two prostrations with their forehead and hands touching the ground.
11. They sit back on their knees and recite 'Allahu Akbar' in between each of the prostrations.
12. As they sit on the mat they ask for the forgiveness of sin after which they turn their heads left and right and declare 'peace be unto you'.
13. While kneeling they hold their palms up to the chin level and speak to Allah in their own words and with words from the Qu'ran.
14. They wipe their hands over their face to show that they received Allah's blessings.

b)

Moral values of salat (prayer)

1. It strengthens the bond between man and Allah
2. It enables him/her to confess his/her sins to Allah and ask for forgiveness
3. It helps in the person's spiritual growth and development
4. It enables the person to show appreciation/thank Allah for what He has done for him/her
5. The person feels secured and protected against the devil/enemies when he prays to Allah
6. To receive spiritual strength/power to face the realities of life
7. It helps him to get closer to Allah/communicate with Allah
8. To ask for their needs
9. It cleanses the heart of the individual
10. It leads to prosperity
11. It makes the individual refrain from indecency
12. It prevents mankind from acting on their own selfish desires
13. Teaching Muslims to forgive one another

a)

Puberty: It is the transition from childhood to adulthood or it is the period of growth from childhood to adulthood or it is a stage of transformation in the human body from childhood to adulthood or it is the period between the ages of 10 to 19 years or a stage where an individual becomes capable of reproduction.

Emotional changes associated with puberty

1. Curiosity to know things around. They become adventurous to explore self and environment.
2. Experience of changes in mood, such as, getting angry, happy or excited about minor issues.
3. Development of interest in the opposite sex / engagement in friendly relationship – boy/girl relationships.
4. Display of shyness when naked
5. Display of rebellious attitude
6. Fear / worry / anxiety about the future.
7. Engagement in activities that bring joy and excitement
8. The desire to engage in sexual activities
9. The desire to be independent and free from control / a feeling of maturity
10. The crave for love and care/affection

b)

Importance of puberty rites

1. It is a special ritual ceremony performed to usher a person from childhood to adulthood
2. It enables a person to be recognized as a fully-fledged responsible member of the family and society.
3. It teaches girls to be obedient to parents.
4. It prevents pregnancy before the initiation ceremony.
5. It brings honour to the initiate, parents and family.
6. Initiates sometimes acquire capital through gifts for her future.
7. It enables girls to get good husbands.
8. The initiate girls acquire knowledge about good womanhood.
9. Helps the initiate to know about the traditions of the society.
10. The initiates learn to live, work and play with others – cooperation.
11. The girls have the right to get married.
12. It helps them to become good parents.
13. It teaches the initiates to be committed to God.
14. It promotes chastity until marriage.
15. It prepares the youth for adult life, eg, marriage.

a)

Work can be defined as the use of one's mind and effort to do something to benefit society.

Importance of work

1. Promotes clean and healthy environment
2. Keeps our minds and bodies active
3. Provides enough goods and services for use and satisfaction
4. Opportunity to make good use of our God given talents
5. To raise money to meet our needs and those of our family members
6. Work reduces the rate of dependency on society
7. Leads to progress and development of a nation
8. It helps communities to develop faster
9. It brings rewards both material and non-material
10. It enhances our knowledge, skills and attitudes
11. The individual earns respect/gets a good self-image/role model/motivation
12. One is highly recommended in the community
13. It increases productivity
14. One is trusted/acknowledged and relied upon
15. It promotes good future life
16. We care for other living things such as plants and animals

b)

Positive attitudes that one should develop towards work

1. Punctual and regular attitudes
2. Honesty and truth at work place
3. Dedication and commitment to work assigned to one
4. Learning to work in co-operation and sharing ideas
5. Using working hours appropriately
6. Enduring/staying calm in case of unexpected delays
7. Always having in mind the ultimate objective/goal/aim
8. Continuing / persisting, even in the face of difficulties

a)

Common diseases that can cause death

1. Cholera
2. Malaria
3. Tetanus
4. Tuberculosis (TB)
5. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
6. Hypertension
7. Typhoid
8. Poliomyelitis
9. COVID-19

b)

Steps to be taken to prevent the diseases

1. Keeping the surrounding clean
2. Sleeping in treated mosquito nets
3. Destroying bleeding grounds of mosquitoes such as choked gutters, stagnant pools of water, etc.
4. Keeping the bodies and clothes clean
5. Keeping utensils clean and dry
6. Washing hands with soap after visiting the toilet and before eating
7. Abstaining from pre-marital sex
8. Preserving food well
9. Immunizing against diseases such as poliomyelitis, tetanus, etc.
10. Avoid sharing of sharp and pointed instruments such as blades, needles, etc.
11. Eating hot meals
12. Cleaning clean potable water

a)

1. An extended family is one where several generations of the same family live together
2. It is made up of all other relatives; several nuclear families e.g. Grand parents, uncles, aunts, nephews, etc.
3. Relatives may be paternal or maternal, thus either from the father's side or mother's side
4. The system is headed by the family head/Abusuapanin/pometato
5. Common to the system are totems, taboos, symbols
6. It has a common root of decent which gives guidance to political and religious succession/property inheritance

b)

Advantages of belonging to the extended family

1. Members learn to be co-operative and united
2. Every elderly person can help in bringing up children properly
3. Members rely on each other in times of need
4. The presence of members makes each of them feel secured
5. Children are able to learn their native language properly
6. Where parents are irresponsible, the children have other family members to depend on for guidance, assistance and security
7. Family members get to know other kinsmen better
8. The high abilities and possibilities to socialize
9. Chances for children to learn how to respect other elderly people

Disadvantages of belonging to the extended family

1. Jealousy sets in when other members realize a member's success
2. Persistent quarrelling and fighting over trivial issues
3. Little or no privacy. People try to encroach upon the privacy of others
4. Children are brought up to be quarrelsome and disrespectful
5. High dependency on successful members
6. Problems with spouse of other relatives