a)

God's covenant with Abraham

1. At the age of 75, God asked Abramto leave his country and family for the land of Canaan.
2. Abram was promised many descendants who would become a great nation.
3. God will bless Abram and promised to make him famous.
4. God told Abram He will bless those who bless him and curse those who curse him.
5. Abram built an altar and worshipped God.
6. God promised Abram of His divine protection and a great deal of rewards.
7. Abram however became worried because he did not have a child of his own.
8. Then God promised to give Abram a child.
9. God asked Abram to perform a sacrifice as a sign that the promise would be fulfilled.
10. Abram had a dream which revealed that his descendants would be strangers in a foreign land and forced into slavery for 400 years after which they will have their freedom.
11. Abram was promised long life.
12. God told Abram to be obedient to Him and lead a blameless life.
13. God further promised Abram that He would make him fruitful and great i.e. Abram would be the father of multitude of nations.
14. God changed Abram's name to Abraham.
15. God sent angels to Abraham's wife to inform her she would give birrth to a son in her old age.
16. The covenant God had with Abraham was extended to all his descendants.
17. Abraham and his descendants were instructed to institute circumcision for every male child and new born on the 8^th day.
18. The Lord revealed Himself to Abram again at the age of ninety-nine (99) and declared that He was the almighty God.

b)

Lessons that can be learnt from God's covenant with Abraham

1. God is Almighty/Powerful.
2. God must be respected for His greatness
3. God has the power to decide who he chooses to fulfil his plans
4. God is gracious - He provides for our needs
5. God is ready to fulfil all His promises to humankind
6. God decides who to call and use to achieve His aims
7. God can change a person's personality and situations.
8. Obedience to God attracts blessings
9. We should have patience and wait on God to solve our problems
10. Faith and trust are necessary for our interactions with God

a)

Libation is the act of pouring out of special liquids, especially alcoholic beverages, to one's object of worship or the ancestors.

Libation as a traditional means of worship

1. Libation can be offered by individuals (privately done) or communal (publicly done)
2. It can be offered daily, weekly, monthly, annually or seasonally
3. It is often offered at sacred places such as the shrine, the stool house, crossroads and graveyards/everywhere
4. Times and occasions for making libation include naming ceremonies/outdooring,puberty rites, marriage rites, at funerals, outbreak of disasters, before or after a long journey and after a narrow escape from danger or installation of chiefs, planting and harvesting seasons
5. Those who qualify to offer the drinks include chiefs, linguists, family heads, clan heads, traditional priests or priestesses and other individuals
6. Libation may be received by the Supreme God, the gods, ancestors and other forms of spirits
7. Items used iinclude water, wine, palm wine, local gin (akpeteshie), beer, soft drinks and schnapps
8. The one praying removes his hat/headgear; leaves his/her chest (upper part of the shoulder) and feet bare as a sign of respect
9. The one praying stands in front of the participants
10. The officiant may stand, squat, kneel down or sit down when praying
11. Prayers are said aloud to the hearing of all present
12. The right hand is used in making the libation
13. The name of the Supreme God, ancestors and the gods, etc. are mentioned
14. Prelude: The first part (stage) of libation making is the prelude. Unusual noise in the form of 'whistling' or 'ago, ago' is made to capture the attention (consent) of the objects of worship involved
15. Invocation: The second part (stage) of libation making is invocation. The spirits of those who are to receive the libation (are invoked through the mentioning of their praise names and appellations such as the Supreme God, ancestors and the gods
16. Petition: This is where worshippers make their requests such as long life, good health, protection, wealth, etc.
17. Concluding Remarks: This is the last part (stage) in libation making where worshippers throw challenge to their objects of worship to curse their enemies and bless their well-wishers

b)

Purposes of traditional worship

1. To express the worshipper's belief in God, the ancestors, deities and other forms of spirits
2. It keeps traditional believers closer to their objects of worship/strengthens the bond between the worshipper and the supernatural
3. It establishes mutual trust and respect for the supernatural
4. It helps in the spiritual growth and development of worshippers/increases the faith of the people
5. It shows that people's survival depends on the supernatural beings
6. People receive favours and blessings such as prosperity, wealth, long life, etc. from their objects of worship
7. It promotes unity, friendliness and peace among worshippers
8. It serves as a source of security and confidence
9. People confess their sins and ask for forgiveness
10. It enables the worshipper to honour and praise the names of their objects of worship
11. It enables believers to thank/show their appreciation to their objects of worship
12. It enables believers to curse and fight their enemies/they ask for divine protection
13. It enables the individual and the communal needs of the people to be conveyed to the deity

a)

How fasting is performed during Ramadan

Fasting means to totally abstain from food, alcohol, sex and smoking before dawn till sun set during the month of Ramadan.

Ramadan is the ninth (9^th) month on the Muslim calendar. It is the fourth (4^th) of the five pillars of Islam.

1. An adult Muslim is required to fast for 30 days during the month of Ramadan or he/she must see the fast as a compulsory ritual and observe it accordingly
2. The Muslim is expected to abstain from food, drinks, sexual pleasures and smoking until the fast is over each day
3. The fasting starts before sunrise (dawn) and ends after sunset
4. The evening of each day is spent eating, resting and meditating on spiritual matters
5. Children under the age of puberty, the old aged and those who cannot regainn their health(the insane) as a result of incurable diseases are exempted from the fast
6. The one fasting is expected to shun evil intentions and thoughts/one should avoid suspicious motives
7. The eyes are to be kept away from looking at anything evil or immoral
8. The tongue is to be kept from useless chats, quarrels and falsehood
9. The one fasting is expected to pray earnestly during this period (during day time and in the night)
10. The Muslims are expected to study the holy Qur'an thoroughly and observe its contents. Mallams are expected to run commentary on the Qur'an
11. The Hadith and other Islamic literature are to be reviewed and explained to the members
12. Muslims are enjoined the utmost forbearance, tolerance and humitlity
13. The one fasting is expected to provide humanitarian services, perform acts of good deeds and exchange of social visits such as provision of food and clothing to the poor and the needy
14. It is a grievous sin to willingly break the fast of Ramadan. The fast is instantly broken if one deliberately eats, drinks, indulges in sexual intercourse between dawn and sunset, vomits or induces ejaculation
15. The sick, pregnant women, nursing mothers, women in their menses, those travelling and others who are not able to take part in the fast are permitted to organize one at a more convenient time
16. The month of Ramadan ends with a special festival called Eid-Ul-Fitr

b)

Benefits of fasting in Ramadan

1. Fasting encourages a total submission to the will of Allah/It strengthens the bond between the Muslim and Allah (God)
2. It guards the one fasting against evil/Muslims ask for divine protection against the devil/spiritual protection
3. It teaches a sense of unity and brotherhood
4. It teaches equality because the rich and the poor go through the same rituals
5. Fasting is considered a sacred institution/it encourages holy living
6. It enables one to honour and praise the name of Allah
7. It enables Muslims to thank/show their appreciation to Allah
8. Fasting is a real test of a person's self control/endurance
9. Fasting serves as sources of security and confidence
10. Muslims use the fasting period to confess their sins and ask for forgiveness
11. Children gradually learn to fast as they grow to adulthood
12. Muslims use the occasion to ask for blessings such as prosperity and long life, etc. from Allah
13. It is a form of exercise/it encourages the burning of the fats in the body
14. It helps in spiritual growth and development of Muslims/it increases their faith in Allah
15. Fasting is used for studying/reciting the Qur'an
16. It encourages almsgiving/charity and its benefits
17. It helps them to empathize with the poor (showing care)

a)

Examination malpractices refer to acts such as cheating and dishonest which are not encouraged before and during examination. Such practices may either take place inside or outside the examination hall to gain undeserved advantage to pass in the examination.

Deeds that constitute examination malpractice

1. Copying someone's work during an examination
2. Allowing someone to copy one's work during an examination
3. A candidate/somebody writing the examination for another person (impersonation)
4. Bringing in any foreign material into the examination hall
5. Discussion of questions at the time the examination is in progress
6. Exchanging of question papers at the time the examination is in progress
7. Exchanging of answer booklets when examination is in progress
8. Having fore knowledge about the paper to be written
9. Candidates still writing when they have been asked to stop work
10. Candidates writing when they have not been asked to start work
11. When the invigilator/supervisor intentionally leaves the examination hall in order for the candidates to cheat
12. The making of unusual bodily gestures such as stretching the neck in an attempt to copy someone's work
13. When the invigilator/supervisor gives foreign material/answers to the candidates in or outside the examination hall
14. Candidates disturbing their colleagues whiles examination is in progress
15. Adults attempting to buy question papers for their wards
16. Candidates intentionally writing certain things on the tables when examination is in session
17. Candidates intentionally writing certain things in their uniforms and bodies when examination is in session

b)

Reasons why examination malpractices are unacceptable in society

1. Examination malpractices are against school rules and therefore punishable
2. Cheating is against the laws of God/such acts do not attract the blessings of God
3. Candidates who engage in examination malpractices are rejected by their friends
4. Candidates who engage in examination malpractices gain undue and undeserved advantage over their friends
5. Examination malpractices tarnish the name of a school
6. It shows that a school is generally weak on moral grounds
7. Such acts can retard growth and development in the society/school or hard work and performance
8. Certificates issued by the examination authorities (bodies) may not be recognized by employers and institutions of higher learning
9. It can lead to the cancellation/withholding of examination results
10. The image of the examination bodies or a country as a whole could be damaged
11. School authorities, invigilators and students can be punished e.g. payment of fines or imprisonments
12. Students can be suspended from writing examination in their own schools/examination centres can be moved/shifted to other venues
13. Some candidates are compelled to use foul means (e.g. stealing of money) to enable them lay hands on question papers
14. Some parents also spend a lot of money in an attempt to buy question papers for their wards leading to a waste of family resources
15. It is to avoid a general waste of resources by schools and examination bodies for printing of new sets of question papers
16. It can lead to laziness as students will not learn
17. A lucrative market is created for unscrupulous individuals to engage in sale of question papers
18. Creation of wrong impression to parents, teachers, etc. that the student is academically good

a)

Good manners refers to the acceptable ways of behaving in the society.

Examples of good manners include comportment, correct eating habits, proper way of dressing, correct use of language, good personal hygiene, proper way of greeting and their responses, showing gratitude as well as showing some courtesies.

Reasons why good manners are important

1. They help to attract blessing from God
2. They help to maintain law and order (stability) in the society/help to reduce tensions and conflicts
3. They enable people to receive assistance from others when in dire need/they make people to be loved and their problems solved by others/they attract rewards
4. They promote friendliness, peace and unity
5. They show that a person is coming from a good home/show signs of a good training and upbringing
6. They ensure progress and development in society because right are done at the right time
7. They help people to be placed in certain key position in the society
8. They are an indication that one is responsible in life
9. They make people live cheerful and happy life
10. They show that a person is gentle and decent
11. They help people to gain respect and trust of others
12. They serve as role models for others

b)

Ways of showing decency in dressing

1. By putting on neatly washed and ironed uniforms (dresses)
2. By putting on uniforms (dresses) that cover the sensitive parts of the body
3. By putting on neatly laced shoes/canvas
4. By tucking in one's shirt where it is very necessary
5. By putting on one's belt where it is necessary
6. By cutting/shaving one's hair in way that makes him/her look very decent
7. By putting on uniforms (dresses) that can match the right shoes/sandals/belt/bags
8. By not folding up long-sleeved shirts to make them short
9. By not wearing transparent dresses/mini skirt
10. The underwear should not be longer than the dress

a)

Commitment means devoting oneself to an authority or to something which is worthwhile.

1. It means performing one's responsibilities at all places dutifully
2. It means undertaking one's religious duties and responsibilities by living according to the religious teachings and practices
3. It involves performing one's obligations and avoiding acts that are detrimental to society's well being
4. It involves devoting oneself to a good cause such as participating in communal labour
5. Commitment can be to God, the family, society, friends, work and to the community

b)

Ways by which one can show commitment to friends

1. Studying together/supporting each other academically
2. Protecting each other's interests/contributing to each other's welfare
3. Entering into covenants and agreements with each other/not revealing certain secrets
4. Sharing ideas/talents such as one's skill, gift, etc. together
5. Sharing one's joy, sorrow, pains, sympathy, etc. with one another
6. Sharing one's resources/wealth together
7. Undertaking a joint developmental project
8. Forgiving each other when one offends the other/remaining faithful to each other
9. Helping friends to carry out their household chores
10. Reporting and submitting missing items belonging to one's friends
11. Respecting one another's views
12. Tolerance and showing love to each other
13. Being honest with each other without pretence
14. Not speaking evil about another person in his/her absence

a)

Bribery is a situation where a person tries to influence another person (especially an authority) with favours/gifts in return for private gains.

Corruption is a situation where a person tries to use his/her status, position or rank in society for personal gains OR a situation where a person tries to use act of dishonesty/illegally in return for personal/selfish gains.

Causes of bribery and corruption

1. Greed/selfishness
2. Unemployment/Joblessness
3. Poverty
4. Ignorance
5. Social/High expectations in life
6. Peer pressure
7. Lack of good role models in the society
8. Lack of self control (Low sense of morality)
9. Frustrations in life
10. Family pressure
11. Mis-education/Mis-information
12. To enable one to win/maintain his/her power/position in business/job
13. Addition (Habit)
14. Old age/insecurity
15. Cultural demands
16. Low motivation at work place
17. Bureaucracy
18. Low wages/salaries
19. High cost of living
20. The desire to get rich quickly

b)

Reasons why it is wrong to give bribe

1. It is against God's law
2. It is against laws of the State/Society
3. It can lead to the misuse of public/state resources
4. It can retard state and private developmental projects
5. It can lead to low productivity because resources are wasted
6. It can retard hard work/serve as disincentive to others to work hard
7. It can lead to mistrust on the part of public officials and people in authority
8. It encourages people to use undesirable means such as telling lies to enrich themselves
9. It leads to increased crime wave such as stealing, exam malpractices, etc.
10. It may widen the gab between the rich and the poor/the rich will continue to be rich while the poor will continue to be poor/bribery leads people to acquire undeserved gains
11. It will encourage increases in the prices of goods and services due to waste and low productivity
12. It may discourage investment opportunities
13. Individuals and countries may lose the needed trust and respect/it may tarnish one's image
14. Individuals may lose their jobs
15. Individuals may be arrested and asked to pay huge sums of money/be imprisoned
16. It can create conflicts and misunderstanding among individuals
17. Cases to be settled are delayed at the courts
18. The poor and the innocent are oppressed and denied justice
19. It would lead to 'putting square pegs in round holes'.

a)

Money is coins or paper notes with their values printed on them and used for making payment of goods and services OR it is any acceptable material used in exchange for goods and services/ in buying and selling.

Reasons why money should be kept out of children's reach

1. It is something (resources) that is dear to the state and so children are not to be allowed to mis-handle it
2. When money becomes defaced, it can lose its value
3. When money becomes defaced it may not be used again
4. Crumpled/folded notes may become less attractive and may be rejected by buyers and sellers
5. They may tear the paper money into pieces
6. Dirty hands may soil the paper notes and thereby render them very dirty
7. Children may soil the paper notes with their wet hands
8. They can swallow the coin and that can lead to many problems
9. They can contract diseases when they put money in their mouth
10. If children handle money which has been contaminated with germs, they can be infested with diseases if they do not wash their hands before eating
11. Dirty money can cause itching and skin problems to children
12. It costs the state a lot of money to print additional money into circulation
13. It can lead to breast cancer when children put money in their brassieres
14. It can lead to cervical cancer when children put money in their panties
15. Coins may be allowed to rust when left in wet places
16. Holes can be made through the coins
17. Dirty money can produce bad and other unpleasant odour which are unhealthy for children
18. Children may trample upon/walk over the money and make it dirty
19. Children may write/making drawings/inscriptions on the paper notes
20. Children can use the coins for making certain items such as necklaces or earrings
21. They might cultivate the habit of picking money without parents consent
22. Access to money may easily result in laziness later in life
23. Children will use the money to buy unnecessary things such as sweets
24. Money can be misplaced by children

b)

Ways people misuse money

1. People give away money unnecessary without taking them back
2. People give away money to others without demanding proper account
3. They spend money on (frivolous) things such as cigarettes, entertainments, etc. which are not very much important
4. Some people like to spend money as a show-off/they spend money lavishly
5. Naturally, some people often spend more than their incomes
6. Some people spend too much on funerals, drinks, cigarettes, entertainments, etc.
7. Some people lend out money to many at the same time
8. Some people do not save money for future use
9. People use money for gambling, lotteries, raffles and betting
10. People use money to fund tribal war, armed robbery, criminal thieves
11. People use money to bribe others
12. Men use money to lure women and destroy their future