(i)

Light is not necessary for germination

(ii)

Water is necessary for germination

(iii)

1. Lack of water/moisture
2. The food stored in the seed is used up/the seedlings cannot carry out photosynthesis/no sunlight

(iv)

No, light is not an important factor for germination

(v)

1. Because light is not necessary for the germination of seed.
2. The seed in flask 2 germinated even though the flask was lined with the aluminium foil

(i)

(ii)

Voltmeter measures the potential difference/voltage and ammeter measures the current (electric)

(iii)

(iv)

Resistance = Voltage/Current = 10/5 = 2 Ω

(v)

Precautions

1. Voltmeter and ammeter must be of proper range/calibration
2. The key should be inserted only while taking readings
3. All the electrical connections must be tight

(i)

A = loamy soil/loam
B = sandy soil/sand
C = clayey soil/clay

(ii)

Description of soils

(iii)

Ways of improving sandy soil

1. Mulching the soil
2. Applying organic manure/compost/farm yard manure/fertilizer
3. Planting cover crops

(i)

IV = Evaporating dish
V = Retort/clamp stand
VI = Tripod stand

(ii)

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl)

(iii)

Neutralization

(iv)

Evaporation/boiling/heating

(v)

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H₂0

(i)

What happens when photosynthesis occurs in a leaf

Plants take in carbon dioxide (CO_{2) and water (H2O) from the air and soil. Within the plant cell, the water is oxidized, meaning it loses electrons, while the carbon dioxide is reduced, meaning it gains electrons. This transforms the water into oxygen and the carbon dioxide into glucose. Light is also absorbed by chlorophyll}

(ii)

pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower or another flower of the same type

(i)

A physical quantity is any physical property of a material or substance that can be quantified, that is, can be measured using numbers

(ii)

1. Mass
2. Force
3. Density
4. Length
5. Temperature
6. Volume
7. Electric current
8. Velocity
9. Time

(i)

Importance of light in crop production

1. Needed for photosynthesis
2. Affects developments of fruits/growth of vegetative parts of crops
3. Absence of light results in weak stem

(ii)

Importance of temperature in crop production

1. Required for germination
2. Delays ripening of fruits when temperature is low
3. High temperature can cause evaporation from the soil causing water deficit for crops
4. High temperature can scorch the leaves of crops
5. Needed for photosynthesis/growth and development of plants

(i)

Is the case with which water can lather with soap or the amount of dissolved Ca/Mg/Fe(II) ion in water.

(ii)

Natural sources of hard and soft water

(i)

Meat (Protein) = Amino acids

(ii)

Cassava (Carbohydrate) = Glucose

(iii)

Palm-oil (Fat & Oil) = Faty acids/glycerol

(i)

Soil type

1. Helps the farmer to know what type of vegetable to grow
2. To enhance yield of crops
3. To ensure adequate retention of water
4. To ensure adequate growth of crops

(ii)

Nearness to market

1. To avoid rotting of crop through long distance travels
2. For easy sale of vegetable crops
3. For easy purchase of farm inputs

(iii)

Nearness to source

1. For easy irrigation (supply of water to the crops)
2. To dilute pesticides for spraying
3. To process crops through washing
4. To apply fertilizer in solution to crops

(i)

Why an eclipse occurs

The earth, along with the other planets, revolves around the sun in its orbit. In turn, the moon revolves around the earth in the moon's orbit. There comes a time when the three heavenly bodies get aligned in the same straight line. This is when an eclipse occurs. It is defined as an astronomical phenomenon that occurs when one spatial object comes within the shadow of another spatial object. This obstructs the observer from seeing one of them in space.

Thus eclipse occurs when light from the sun is blocked by an opaque object to produce a shadow

(ii)

Types of eclipse

1. Solar or eclipse of the sun
2. Lunar or eclipse of the moon

(i)

Convection

Transfer of heat in which warm/heated fluid become less dense and moves up and cold and denser fluid moves down

(ii)

Reasons why convection does occur in solids

1. The molecules/particles of solids are tightly packed together (held by strong bond)
2. The molecules/particles of solids are fixed in position and cannot move around for convection to take place

(i)

Texture

1. Determines the movement of air/water in the soil
2. Determines the variety of maize to grow
3. Supports activities of organisms
4. Determines tillage practices to adopt
5. Supply mineral nutrients to crop

(ii)

water holding capacity

1. Determines time of planting of crop
2. Determines the variety of maize to grow
3. Determines growth and yield of maize

(i)

Metals:

1.₁₁Na
₃Li

(ii)

Observation when metals are dropped into dilute hydrochloric acid:

(i)

Crops to grow well

1. Nutrients/humus
2. Air/living organisms
3. Water

(ii)

To maintain good soil structure

1. Soil particles
2. Organic matter/humus
3. Living organisms

(i)

How energy in a windmill is obtained

When the wind blows, the windmill turns the propeller-like blades of a turbine around a rotor, which spins a generator, which creates electricity (energy).

(ii)

Sources of renewable energy

1. Sun
2. Wind
3. Water/hydropower
4. Biomass
5. Tides
6. Geothermal source/heat from the ground

(i)

Why steel is preferred to iron in building construction

Steel is preferred to iron because it has higher resistance to corrosion (rusting) than steel and has a high tensile strength

(ii)

Ways of preventing rusting

1. Painting
2. Plating or galvanizing
3. Alloying
4. Greasing or oiling
5. Keeping metal at dry place
6. Cathodic protection

(i)

Reactions between:

(ii)

Hazard that could be prevented when protective materials are used in the laboratory

(i)

Area of a cuboid = Length x Breadth

Area = 5 cm x 10 cm = 50 cm²

(ii)

Pressure = $\frac{\mathrm{100\; N}}{\mathrm{50\; }{\mathrm{cm}}^2}$ = 2 Ncm^-2

(i)

Mixed farming is the growing of crops as well as livestock, animal husbandry,etc all on same farm or land at the same time.

(ii)

Advantages of mixed farming

1. Animal droppings are used as manure for cultivating crops
2. Crops residue is used to feed the animals
3. Land is effectively used
4. Labour is effectively used throughout the year
5. Animals may provide power on the farm
6. Reduces risk of losing everything when diseases strikes or bad weather
7. Brings reliable sources of income
8. Reduces dependency on external inputs and costs
9. It enhances the productivity of the farmland