a)

A scale of a map shows the relationship between the distance on the map and the actual distance on the ground. A scale could also be said to be the reduced form of actual distance on paper

b)

The three ways of indicating the scale of a map

Linear scale: This is expressed in the form of line, with the lines divided into smaller parts known as primary divisions

Statement scale: This is expressed in a form of statement. For example, one centimetre to ten kilometers

Representative scale: This is expressed in the form of fraction or ratio.

For example, 1:10,000 or $\frac{1}{\mathrm{10,000}}$

c)

If 20 km = 1 cm
200 km = $\frac{\mathrm{200\; km\; x\; 1\; cm}}{\mathrm{20\; km}}$ = 10 cm

If 20 km = 1 cm
120 km = $\frac{\mathrm{120\; km\; x\; 1\; cm}}{\mathrm{20\; km}}$ = 6 cm

The length on paper will be 10 cm and breadth/width, 6 cm

a)

Environmental problems in Ghana

1. Desertification/Deforestation: This refers to the condition whereby the forest is destroyed together with the vegetation and gradually turning the land into a desert
2. Poor drainage system: This is mainly a problem in the cities and towns where the free flow of water is impeded and consequently, the stagnant water breed mosquitoes which cause malaria
3. Pollution: This is the release of harmful/toxic substances called pollutants into the environment. For example, fumes from factories, motor, vehicles and dust from sand winning sites pollute the air. Washing, bathing and defaecating into water bodies pollute the water bodies
4. Bush burning: Bush fires can wipe off whole vegetation, destroying the forest and farms. It can lead to loss of lives and properties. It may be caused by activities of farmers, palm wine tappers, cigarette smokers, hunters, etc.
5. Poor sanitation caused by random waste disposal and lack of maintenance culture

b)

1. Solutions to desertification/deforestation

i. Preserving and reserving of forests: Government and communities should embark on the creation of forest reserves and preservations
ii. Education: People should be educated on the causes and effects of desertification/deforestation
iii. Afforestation: Tree planting campaigns should be launched and encouraged all over the country

2. Solutions to poor drainage system

i. Waste Recycling: Plastic and other non-bio degradable wastes should be recycled as they are becoming nuisance to lives. They hinder the free flow of water in gutters resulting in flood
ii. Regular distilling of gutters: Groups and individuals should be encouraged to embark on regular communal labour to desilt gutters
iii. Discouraging putting structures on water ways: Construction of houses and similar structures on water ways should be discouraged as they hinder the free flow of water resulting in flood
iv. Education: People should be educated on the dangers of dumping refuse/rubbish/solid waste into gutters and the benefits of distilling their gutters

3. Solutions to pollution

i. Enact by-laws: Laws should be enacted to deal with culprits who pollute water bodies
ii. Provide chimneys: Factories should have tall chimneys to discharge smoke far and above the level of human settlements
iii. Ensure vehicles are road-worthy: Vehicles with weak engines and faulty exhaust pipes should be banned from plying the roads

4. Solutions to bush burning

i. Anti-bush fire squads: Communities should set up anti-bush fire squads to prevent and control bush fires
ii. Stop hunting with fire: Hunters should be educated and cautioned against the practice of hunting by using fire
iii. Enact by-laws: Laws should be enacted to punish culprits/people found guilty of bushfires

5. Solutions to poor sanitation

i. Education: People should be educated on the effects of poor sanitation
ii. Enact by-laws: Laws should be enacted to punish who don't keep their surroundings clean and tidy

a)

The main organs of the Organization of African Unity (O.A.U)

1. The Assembly of Heads of States and Governments (General Assembly)
2. The Council of Ministers
3. The General Secretariat
4. The Specialized Commission for specific functions

b)

1. Assembly of Heads of States and Governments

i. It is the highest organ, comprising of Heads of States of member countries
ii. It appoints the Administrative Secretary General
iii. Apart from extraordinary sessions which may be convened at the request of any member state, the assembly meets at least once a year

2. The Council of Ministers

i. It is next to the Assembly of Heads of State in terms of power
ii. It comprises all foreign ministers of each member state and reports to the assembly
iii. Its main function is to draw agenda for the assembly's meetings and to implement its decisions
iv. The council meets at least twice annually

3. The General Secretariat

i. It is headed by Secretary General appointed by the Assembly
ii. It carries out all correspondence and administrative duties of the organization
iii. It also implements the decision of the General Assembly
iv. It is based in the capital of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa
v. The Secretary has three (3) year term in office