(a)

(b)

Total volume of fertilizers = 20000 + 40000 + 15000 + 15000

Total volume of fertilizers = 90,000 metric tonnes

(c)

The two regions which used the least amount of fertilizer are Eastern and Central regions

a)

Types of rainfall experienced in Ghana

1. Convectional
2. Relief/Orographic
3. Cyclonic/frontal

b)

Convectional Rainfall

1. The heating of the land surface causes evaporation of warm moist
2. The warm moist air becomes light and it is forced to rise by convection currents
3. The moist air becomes cooler in the upper atmosphere
4. The moist air condenses and forms cumulus rain clouds
5. With further cooling, cumulus clouds develop into cumulonimbus clouds
6. Heavy rain often accompanied by thunder and lightning falls
7. Hailstones may fall
8. Convectional rainfall occurs mostly in the afternoon

Relief/Orographic Rainfall

1. Warm moist air from the sea, lake or any water body blows against a highland barrier
2. The air formed is rise above the highland
3. The air becomes cooler in the upper atmosphere
4. The air is condensed to form cumulus clouds
5. With further cooling the cumulus clouds develop into cumulonimbus clouds
6. Much rain falls on the windward side of the highland
7. Very little rain falls on the leeward side of the highland

Cyclonic/frontal Rainfall

1. Cold air mass and warm air meets at a front
2. The cold air mass sinks because it is denser/heavier
3. The warm air mass rises over the cold air mass
4. The warm air mass rises into the upper atmosphere
5. It condenses to form cumulus clouds
6. Further cooling of the clouds causes the formation of cumulonimbus clouds
7. Rain falls ahead of the cold front
8. It falls in showers
9. It covers a wide area

(a)

Types of agricultural practices in Ghana

1. Land rotation
2. Shifting cultivation
3. Mixed farming
4. Mixed cropping

(b)

1. Land rotation

Advantages

i. The land becomes fertile when left to fallow
ii. The farmer has fewer problems of pest and disease

Disadvantages

i. Virgin forests are destroyed
ii. Cultivation each year gives the farmer a hell of work

2. Shifting Cultivation

Advantages

i. The land becomes fertile again during the fallow period without the use of fertilizer or little fertilizer is used
ii. It reduces disease build-up in the farm

Disadvantages

i. It destroys the virgin forest
ii. It cannot be practised in places where land is scarce

3. Mixed farming

Advantages

i. Different crops are grown on the same piece of land
ii. The farmer is assured of regular income from both animals and crops growth
iii. Animals droppings are used to fertilize the land
iv. Animals can be fed with surplus or by-products of crops

Disadvantages

i. It is expensive
ii. The farmer needs much skill to manage his crops and animals
iii. The farmer has very little or no rest throughout the year
iv. The crops can be destroyed by the farm animals

4. Mixed cropping

Advantages

i. The farmer obtains most of his crops from his farm
ii. The dense cover of the leaves of crops protects the soil surface from being eroded

Disadvantages

i. Improper spacing may lead to shading of crops
ii. There is likely competition for water, space, nutrients and light among the various crops

(a)

Major problems related to cattle rearing in Africa

1. Lack of financial assistance to enable farmers expand their businesses
2. Prevalence of pests and diseases such as tsetse flies, rinderpest, trypanosomiasis, etc.
3. Shortage of water: Many parts of Africa experience low amount of rainfall. The irregular pattern of rainfall causes shortage of water when dams and rivers reduce in volume or dry up completely
4. Shortage of feed: As a result of water shortage, there are low yield of grass (pasture) for the cattle to feed on and this eventually affect their growth
5. Inadequate veterinary services and extension officers and high cost of drugs and vaccines
6. Because the cattle are not properly housed or kept under free-running system, animals are stolen or killed
7. Bush fire: Burning of bush destroys the pasture which requires an alternative source of feeding and that will lead to high cost of feeding

(b)

Solutions to problems

1. Government should assist cattle owners with loans. Cattle owners can also form co-operatives and apply for bank loans to enable them expand their businesses
2. Regular clearing of bushes around ranches as well as spraying of pesticides and insecticides
3. Irrigation dams and wells could be constructed to ensure the availability of drinking water for the cattle at all times of the year
4. Farmers should prepare hay and silage in times of abundance of grass to feed the cattle in dry seasons
5. More veterinary service stations must be built and resourced in cattle rearing areas and extension officers trained to offer regular services to animals and farmers
6. Farmers should properly house their cattle or guide the cattle by herdsmen for free-running system to prevent being stolen or killed
7. Bush fires should be checked for instance using fire belt and enacting by-laws to punish the culprits

(a)

Aims of the Organization of African Unity (O.A.U)

1. Promotion of unity and solidarity among member states
2. Removal of all forms of colonization and the neo-colonization in Africa
3. Defence: To defend the sovereignty and independence of African states
4. Respect: To respect the independent status of every member State
5. Promotion of international co-operation among African states and other states within the framework of the United Nations Organization

(b)

Achievements of the Organization of African Unity (O.A.U)

1. Conflict resolution: It has helped to settle so many disputes and end conflicts on the continent. For instance the civil war in Congo
2. Promotion of economic co-operation: The O.A.U with other organs like Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) have encouraged trade among African states
3. Promoting respect for Africans: The Union (O.A.U ) has made Africa's voice to be heard in the international community
4. Decolonization in Africa: The Union has supported many African countries (states) to gain independence. Examples are Zimbabwe, Namibia, etc.
5. Maintenance of world peace: The O.A.U has helped to maintain peace and security in Africa as well as other parts of the world. During the Israel and Egypt conflict, through O.A.U, African states were able to send troops
6. The Union has helped to abolish racial discrimination during the white regime in South Africa leading to the establishment of democracy
7. Promoting true unity: The O.A.U has succeeded in bring African countries of various colonial backgrounds and political ideologies together