a)

A conical hill

b)

A Ridge

c)

A valley

d)

A plain

e)

A plateau

a)

Sir Frederick Gordon Guggisberg

1. He was a Canadian born British Governor who ruled the Gold Coast from 1919 to 1927
2. He was born in 1869
3. He first arrived in Gold Coast in 1901 to draw survey maps of the country and left in 1908
4. He also took part in the first world war from 1914 to 1918

b)

Contributions of Sir Gordon Guggisberg

1. Development of health centres
2. Initiative development plan
3. Construction of ports and harbour
4. Construction of roads
5. Construction of railway lines
6. Proposed electrification projects
7. Establishment of schools
8. Release of seized lands to owners
9. Drafted more Africans into Administration/civil service
10. Drafted a constitution for the country
11. Brokered peace between the British and the country
12. Chiefs were represented in legislation
13. Set up of Provincial Councils for each province
14. Helped in the development of agriculture sector
15. Encouraged the teaching of technical and vocational skills in schools
16. Encouraged the teaching of local history and languages
17. Encouraged the education of girls
18. Returned Prempeh I from Seychelles Island

a)

The Fante Confederation

1. The Fante Confederation was formed in 1868 by the Fante states and some southern states like Denkyire, Wassaw, Twifu and Assin.
2. It was one of the movements that opposed the growth of British influence in Ghana

b)

Reasons for which the Fante Confederation was formed

1. British interference in local affairs
2. Protest against payment of taxes
3. Failure of the British to protect the less performing states e.g. Twifo Ajumako and Asikuma
4. Maltreatment of some Fante Chiefs
5. To prevent the Dutch from taking over Komenda
6. The Fante at certain time lost confidence in the British
7. Lack of social amenities in the Gold Coast Colony
8. Non representation at the legislative and executive councils

c)

Reasons for the fall of the Fante Confederation

1. The British caused confussion among the chiefs thereby dividing their front
2. The non-Fante members of the confederation lost interest in the confederation because they joined the union to help the people of Komenda against the Dutch. When the Dutch left in 1972 they saw no need to be members of the union
3. Members of the various groups felt that leaders should be chosen from their groups and this led to power struggle which eventually weakened the union
4. The British were hostile to the confederation, so they arrested and imprisoned some of its leaders in an attempt to weaken the confederation
5. Financial problems also made it impossible for the union to implement its plans

a)

Trans-Saharan Trade was the barter trade between the people of Western Sudan and North Africa across the Sahara Desert. The trade was conducted among three continents, Africa, Europe and Asia

b)

Positive effects of the Trans-Saharan Trade on Western Sudan

1. Travelling possibilities: The trade paved way for many people such as traders, scholars, religious groups to cross the Saharan Desert for the first time
2. Spread of culture: It led to the spread of the culture of the North Africans and the Arabs in Western Sudan
3. Wealth creation: It made the people of Western Sudan very rich
4. Spread of religion: It also led to the spread of the Islamic Religion in the Western Sudan

Negative effects of the Trans-Saharan Trade on Western Sudan

1. Insecurity in the desert: It made the trade routes to become very dangerous. Attacks by armed robbers were common
2. Lack of water: Water was a problem to those who lost their way in the desert from or to Western Sudan

c)

Items of the Trans-Saharan Trade

1. Salt
2. Gold
3. Ostrich feathers
4. Spices
5. Cloth
6. Beads
7. Ivory
8. Guns
9. Gun powder
10. Camels

a)

Benefits African countries get from cooperation

1. To government, it promotes exchange of ideas on matters affecting the individual states
2. It helps to maintain African cultural heritage and pride
3. It leads to unity and solidarity among African nations and that unity is made known to the outside world
4. It grants African countries respect and influence at international meetings
5. It brings about the respect for human dignity and human rights
6. It provides bigger market share for individual countries to trade their products and services among themselves

b)

Ways by which African governments bring about cooperation among themselves

1. Through the establishment of institutions such as O.A.U, ECOWAS, NEPAD, ECOMOG, etc.
2. Through bilateral and multilateral meetings among nations such as ECOWAS and O.A.U members
3. Through the organizations of sporting events
4. Through the establishment of joint commissions for specific functions such as West African Examination Council (WAEC) and the West African Gas Pipe Line
5. Through the establishment of embassies or High Commissions in other African countries
6. Organization of African regional trade fairs where African local products can be advertised and sold