a)

b)

The features marked:

A → a plateau
B → a waterfall
C → a ridge
Z → a conical hill/knoll

c)

a)

Characteristics of the harmattan

1. It is a dry wind which blows over West Africa from Sahara desert. It is dry and hazy
2. It blows from North-East to South-West direction
3. It carries a lot of dust which makes breathing very difficult
4. There are very few or no rain clouds in the sky during these periods
5. It brings about haze and makes visibility poor
6. It blows between October and November, also February and March and extends to the North in April
7. Temperatures are generally lower with coldness in the nights

b)

Usefulness of the harmattan

1. The weather conditions make it easy for farmers to dry their crops such as cocoa, maize, etc.
2. The harmattan season is mosquito-free period because stagnant water are mostly not available (dried) to breed mosquitoes
3. It helps farmers to prepare new lands for next farming season
4. The dry season helps in the production of salt
5. It helps laundry activities as cloths dry well and fast
6. It favours travellers since they could travel long distances without disturbances of rain

c)

Disadvantages of the harmattan

1. Poor visibility: The operations flights (aeroplanes) are disrupted due to bad weather
2. Bushfire: Dry land are exposed to frequent bushfires resulting in lose of properties
3. Dusty atmosphere which is harmful to human health
4. Rivers and streams reduce in size and volume rendering water supply for hydroelectric power for domestic and industrial purpose difficult
5. Easy spread of diseases like influenza and cerebrospinal meningitis (CSM) in the dry season
6. Quick dry lips and skin
7. Farming activities are disrupted in places where there are no irrigation facilities
8. There is shortage of water compelling man and animals to travel far distances before getting water

a)

Achievements of Dr. Kwame Nkrumah

1. He led Ghana to attain her independence from the colonial masters
2. He constructed the Tema motorway and townships
3. He constructed the Adomi Bridge
4. He started the Akosombo Dam in 1961 and completed it in 1965
5. He introduced irrigation farming particularly for rice and sugar cultivation at Komenda and Asutuare
6. He built the Tema Harbour
7. He played a major role in the formation of the Organization of African Unity (OAU)
8. He introduced the compulsory and free-tuition primary education including the free text-books scheme
9. He established several institutions of higher learning such as Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology at Kumasi in 1952 and Cape Coast University in 1962 at Cape Coast
10. He built new hospitals such as Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital in Kumasi and Effia Nkwanta Hospital at Secondi Takoradi
11. He established the University of Ghana Medical School at Korle-Bu in Accra

b)

Reasons that led to the overthrow of Dr. Kwame Nkrumah

1. He introduced a one party state by making the CPP autonomous which brought about chaos and anarchy (confusions and misunderstandings) in the country
2. There was the impression that he had a dictatorship government, delegating powers and posts to only members of his Convention Peoples Party (CPP)
3. It was believed that he was mismanaging the nation's finances for instance it was believed that he gave ten million pounds (£10,000,000) to Guinea to fight for her independence
4. His government suffered bribery, corruption and mismanagement
5. With the introduction of Preventive Detention Act, he maltreated and seduced people who opposed him
6. Some of his foreign policies distanced him from some international leaders who worked out for his overthrow
7. Because of the preferential treatment given to his body guards (Presidential Owned Guard Regiment, POG), the regular army became resentful and dissatisfied

a)

Main vegetation types in Ghana

1. Mangrove/stand
2. Rain forest
3. Coastal shrub and grassland
4. Guinea Savannah

b)

Ways by which the vegetation is being destroyed

1. Mining activities: Galamsey mining operations and mining by the open-cast methods expose the vegetation
2. Overgrazing: Overgrazing by farm animals such as sheep and cattle leave the soil bare exposing it to erosion which eventually depletes the vegetation
3. Felling of trees: The indiscriminate felling of trees (deforestation) for fuel or timber destroys the vegetation
4. Bush burning: Burning of bush by farmers and hunters destroys the plant fob in the soil and exposes the land directly to rain water or wind to cause erosion
5. Human settlements: Putting up of houses and other structures for economic and other structures for economic and social activities call for the felling of trees which destroy the vegetation
6. Construction activities: Construction of roads and railways call for the felling of trees leading to the destruction of vegetation

c)

Ways by which the vegetation can be protected

1. Laws should be enacted to deal with people who cause bush fires
2. Education on agro-forestry should be embarked on
3. The forestry commission should take up the challenge of managing national parks and forest reserves
4. Encouragement of good farming practices such as crop rotation
5. Reafforestation projects should be encouraged

a)

Good effects that the coming of the Europeans had on West Africa

1. They introduced formal education to West Africa and built schools
2. They helped to reshape culture/traditional beliefs and customs such as human sacrifice
3. They improved the health delivery system with the introduction of orthodox medicines and constructions of health centres
4. They introduced local farmers to commercial farming and brought into West Africa new exotic plants or crops such as tea, coffee, some vegetables, etc.
5. They upgraded transport and communication systems with the construction of roads, bridges, railways, ports, etc.
6. Christianity was introduced into West Africa by the Europeans
7. They influenced the expansion of kingdoms and empires because of the use of guns, horses, gun powder, etc.
8. The introduction of the formal legal system, which helped to maintain law and order
9. The introduction of new and improved physical structures, which were much more stronger and beautiful
10. The forts and castles they left now serve as tourist sites which generates revenue for the government

b)

Bad effects of the coming of the Europeans on West Africa

1. Introduction of guns and gun powders fueled tribal wars
2. Most citizens of West Africa were forced into slavery, which greatly affected the human resource base and the economy of most West African states
3. It led to the collapse of the empire system. Examples of such empires include the Asante, Oyo, Dahomey and Sokoto Empires
4. The mineral wealth and other natural resources of the sub-region were exploited
5. Most countries such as Gold Coast (Ghana) and Cote d'Ivoire lost their independence to colonial masters
6. Over-dependence on the colonial masters
7. Changes in our cultural system

a)

World Health Organization (WHO) is a wing of the United Nations (UN) tasked with the role to enhance the health conditions of people and to protect the environment. It is to train health workers and to promote health/research geared towards the provision of improved health services to people in the whole worldwide. It was established in 1948.

b)

Achievements of WHO

1. Embarking on immunization campaign to eradicate the six childhood killer diseases (Polio, Tetanus, Measles, Tuberculosis, Whooping cough and Diphtheria)
2. Intensive programs to keep the spread of yaws (a dangerous disease affecting children) under control
3. Education of most water borne disease such as bilharzias and cholera
4. Education and campaigns on general cleanliness and its benefits
5. Provision of safe drinking water for most people