a)

Mean/Average = $\frac{\mathrm{Sum\; of\; items}}{\mathrm{Number\; of\; items}}$

Mean/Average = $\frac{\mathrm{5\; +\; 10\; +\; 15\; +\; 25\; +\; 50\; +\; 120}}{6}$

Mean/Average = $\frac{225}{6}$ = 37.5 mm

b)

Total rainfall from July to December = 145 + 130 + 80 + 90 + 40 + 10

Total rainfall from July to December = 495 mm

c)

February and December (10 mm)

d)

The rainfall was low at the beginning of the year, steadily increased to a maximum in July and thereafter decreased to low levels at the end of the year

a & b)

c)

a)

Offences against the individual

1. Murdering/killing a person, except sentenced to death by a law court or in self-defence (abuses one's right to life)
2. Detaining a suspect without charge beyond 48 hours (abuses one's right to personal liberty)
3. Depriving someone of his/her private property, except by law (abuses one's right to own private property)
4. Preventing someone from expressing his/her opinion, except it breaches law and order(abuses one's right to freedom of expression)
5. Preventing someone from joining a group of his/her choice. (abuses one's right to freedom of association)
6. Disallowing a person from practising his/her religion of choice. (abuses one's right to freedom of religion)
7. Discriminating against someone based on his/her gender or tribe or colour or religion or belief or social status (abuses one's right to equality)

Offences against the state

1. Disobeying the laws of the land
2. Not paying taxes that are due the state
3. Destroying public/state property
4. Overthrowing the constitution/the constitutionally elected government
5. Assassination of a government official
6. Assisting enemies of the state to cause harm to the state

b)

Reasons why a country makes laws for its citizens

1. Reduction of crime
2. Protection of human rights
3. For social order/conformity
4. For social progress
5. For economic progress/To improve national productivity/To improve national development
6. Promotion of discipline
7. Promotion of moral uprightness
8. Promotion of peace and stability
9. Promotion of good governance
10. Attraction of foreign investment
11. Promotion of unity
12. Protection of public property

a)

Factors that led to the growth of the Old Ghana Empire

1. Excellent leadership: The kings/leaders provided effective leadership and administration, which was well structured
2. Trans-Saharan trade: The Empire controlled the trade routes between the salt and gold mines, which were the main commercial commodities. As a result, they amassed a lot of wealth (gold, salt, spices, clothes, etc.) through payments of taxes, duties and levies
3. Strong legal system: There were traditional courts that tried cases, settled disputes and punished offenders. This promoted the maintenance of law and order in the Empire
4. Geographical location/Flourishing Agriculture: The Empire was located close to the Senegal and Niger rivers. There was also good rainfall pattern. Hence they had enough water for domestic purposes, farming and fishing
5. Efficient taxation system: There was an effective tax collecting system which ensured that the government generates sufficient revenue to run the state
6. Powerful Army: There was a powerful and disciplined army that ensured the security of the state

b)

Factors that caused the fall of the Old Ghana Empire

1. Attacks by Muslim Raiders: It started losing power when Muslim raiders began attacking areas across the empire. The attackers' main goal was to convert as many people to Islam as possible, but they also wanted control of the salt-gold trade. This started weakening the empire
2. Growth of the Mali Empire: The Mali empire emerged gradually grew more powerful and richer. Consequently, the influence of old Ghana began to decline
3. Divisions/Breakaway sections: The empire continued to crumble as many smaller provinces began to break off to form their own kingdoms
4. Seizure of Koumbi Saleh by the Mali Empire: Finally, the Mali Empire, led by Soumaoro Kanté (Sumanguru Kantey), seized and captured the capital of the old Ghana Empire, Koumbi Saleh and brought it to an end

a)

Aims of the Organization of African Unity (OAU)

1. Promotion of unity and solidarity among member states
2. Removal of all forms of colonialism and the neo-colonialism in Africa
3. Defence: To defend the sovereignty and independence of African states
4. Respect: To respect the independent status of every member state
5. Promotion of international co-operation among African states and other states within the framework of the United Nations Organization
6. To work towards a better standard of living in Africa
7. To protect the rights and freedoms of African citizens

b)

Problems facing the Organization of African Unity (OAU)

1. Lack of a common language which hinders the development of a true sense of unity
2. Political upheaval and coup d'états in most African countries. These affect decision making in the organization. New leaders lack the political will to obey the rules of the organization
3. Distrust among member states due to political and ideological differences
4. The absence of a standing army to enforce/implement political decisions, especially in times of civil wars and conflicts
5. Financial constraints resulting from failure of some member states to pay dues or contributions on time
6. Inter-state border disputes between some member countries such as Ethiopia and Sudan, Mauritania and Morocco posed great challenge to the organization in conflict resolution
7. Lack of economic freedom as a result of allegiance owed to colonial masters by African nations. This most often made it impossible for them to unilaterally take decisions on trade, politics and general administration of the respective countries. Francophone countries in Africa are typical examples

a)

Functions of the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)

1. Achieving food security for all
2. Raising levels of nutrition
3. Improving agricultural productivity
4. Bettering the lives of rural populations
5. Contributing to the growth of the world economy

b)

Countries which have insufficient food to feed their people

1. Bangladesh
2. China
3. D.R. Congo
4. Ethiopia
5. India
6. Indonesia
7. Pakistan
8. Chad
9. Central African Republic
10. Angola
11. Zambia
12. Mozambique
13. Tanzania
14. Tajikistan
15. DPR Korea (North Korea)

c)

Reasons why poor countries should not always receive free food aid

1. Self-reliance: It can make them over-dependent on donors and less self-reliant
2. Sovereignty: It can make them lose their sovereignty as independent countries
3. Mental attitude: It can cultivate a lazy mental attitude and make them stop thinking creatively to solve problems on their own
4. Mismanagement: It can lead to corruption / mismanagement of the free aid they receive
5. Economic tension: It can create economic tension and instability, whenever the expected food aid delays or is not forthcoming