(a)

Reasons for the coming of the early Europeans into West Africa

1. To discover the sea route to India and the Far East
2. To colonize
3. To explore the interior of Africa
4. To trade with the people of West Africa
5. To spread Christianity and check the spread of Islam
6. To introduce European type of education through establishment of schools
7. They needed raw materials for their industries
8. They wanted to expand their market for their products

(b)

Effects of the coming of the Europeans on the people

1. Conversion of the people to Christianity
2. Slave trade caused depopulation of the region, for able-bodied people were taken away
3. Introduction of currency as the medium of exchange in place of the barter system
4. Introduction of Formal Education by opening of schools and colleges
5. Growth of towns through urbanization
6. Establishment of peace, law and order
7. Scientific method of farming was introduced
8. Introduction of new crops such as cocoyam, cocoa, coffee, etc.
9. Changes in our culture-tastes for European goods such as food, dressing, marriages, family system, etc.
10. New types of buildings/architecture were introduced
11. Creation of nation states within colonial boundaries
12. Provision of infrastructure such as roads, railways, ports and harbours, communication
13. They exploited African resources such as gold
14. Castles built along the coast are now historical monuments and seat of government
15. Introduction of a new system of government
16. Loss of self-esteem, respect and self-reliance

a)

Reasons why Ghana should be self-reliant

1. To avoid over-dependent on other countries
2. To protect the sovereignty of the state
3. To make proper utilization of natural resources
4. To make proper use of human resources
5. To preserve, conserve and reserve foreign exchange
6. Improve balance of trade/payment
7. To develop human resource

b)

Measures that can make Ghana self-reliant

1. Less depend on foreign loans and aid/stop looking constantly for help
2. Use our own expertise to solve our own problems
3. Conserve and replace our renewable resources such as forest
4. Use our own resources for development
5. Training and retraining of our own skilled personnel
6. Process and manufacture our own goods
7. Patronize made in Ghana products
8. Improve agriculture
9. Efficient management of our resources
10. Control rapid population growth
11. Promotion of private sector initiative

a)

Types of rainfall experienced in Ghana

1. Convectional
2. Relief/Orographic
3. Cyclonic/frontal

b)

Convectional Rainfall

1. The heating of the land surface causes evaporation of warm moist
2. The warm moist air becomes light and it is forced to rise by convection currents
3. The moist air becomes cooler in the upper atmosphere
4. The moist air condenses and forms cumulus rain clouds
5. With further cooling, cumulus clouds develop into cumulonimbus clouds
6. Heavy rain often accompanied by thunder and lightning falls
7. Hailstones may fall
8. Convectional rainfall occurs mostly in the afternoon

Relief/Orographic Rainfall

1. Warm moist air from the sea, lake or any water body blows against a highland barrier
2. The air formed is rise above the highland
3. The air becomes cooler in the upper atmosphere
4. The air is condensed to form cumulus clouds
5. With further cooling the cumulus clouds develop into cumulonimbus clouds
6. Much rain falls on the windward side of the highland
7. Very little rain falls on the leeward side of the highland

Cyclonic/frontal Rainfall

1. Cold air mass and warm air meets at a front
2. The cold air mass sinks because it is denser/heavier
3. The warm air mass rises over the cold air mass
4. The warm air mass rises into the upper atmosphere
5. It condenses to form cumulus clouds
6. Further cooling of the clouds causes the formation of cumulonimbus clouds
7. Rain falls ahead of the cold front
8. It falls in showers
9. It covers a wide area

a)

Sources of superstitious beliefs in Ghana

1. Myths
2. Fairy/folk tales told to children
3. African films
4. Ignorance/illiteracy
5. Fetish priests/jujumen/soothsayers/false prophets
6. Taboos

b)

Effects of superstition on the social and economic development of Ghana

1. It slows down growth and scientific development. This reduces the ability of the people to solve problems in a rational manner
2. There is abuse of human rights. Individuals accused of superstitious experience are abused against their fundamental human rights
3. It brings about irrational fear which makes people live in fear as a result of being afraid that someone who has supernatural powers may harm them
4. It reduces scientific and critical thinking for instance people do not question the reason behind some happenings
5. It brings about suspicion and mistrust which brings fear leading to break-up of families and relationships
6. It leads to animosity which can lead to ethnic conflicts
7. It leads to laziness and does not promote development
8. It brings social control and good morals
9. It preserves and conserves forest as certain forest are left because of superstitious beliefs
10. It brings about social cohesion and unity
11. Lot of resources are wasted on pacification and sacrifices
12. It promotes crime such as serial killings
13. It provides rest to farmers, fishermen, hunters
14. It maintains respect for law and order and respect for authority

a)

Natural resources of a country

1. Land: Rocks, soil, space utilization
2. Forest/Plant: Timber, cocoa, herbs roots
3. Animal: Wild and domestic
4. Mineral: Gold, oil, salt
5. Water: Rivers, lakes, seas, lagoon
6. Climate: Sun, wind, rain

b)

Ways of exploitation and efficient use of natural resources of Ghana

1. Using appropriate tools to exploit resources
2. Finding use for lesser known resources such as by-products
3. Ensuring proper maintenance of industrial plant and equipment
4. Proper implementation of conservation measures for all resources such as afforestation and reafforestation
5. Using appropriate method in resource exploitation such as avoiding the use of poisonous chemicals in fishing and hunting
6. Making laws to guide the appropriate exploitation of resource
7. Providing efficient supervision such as forest rangers
8. Training of human resources to develop the skills for exploiting natural resources efficiently

a)

b)

Effects of this age distribution on development in Ghana

1. The country will have a large labour force in the future
2. A youthful population promotes specialization
3. A youthful population increases demand for goods and services required for young people (large market)
4. Government expenses on social services will be high
5. The dependency ratio is high therefore there is too much burden on the working population
6. There will be low savings and low investment
7. The government will spend a lot of money on the youth and aged in the field of education and health respectively
8. There will be high government expenditure on pensioners
9. Development will be slow
10. Low tax revenue