(a)

Reasons why the transatlantic slave trade continued for a long time

1. The European slave traders found trading in human beings very profitable
2. Slaves offered valuable economic labour on sugar, cotton and coffee plantations in the West Indies and America
3. There was ready market for slaves in mines in South America
4. The African chiefs were very greedy to make much money
5. The middlemen found it profitable
6. Africans were not recognized in their own governments to be able to oppose the traders with a united front
7. Most Africans did not know their rights
8. Some chiefs wanted guns and gunpower to wage wars to conquer other territories/to expand their kingdoms and empires
9. Red Indians could not cope with the volume of work on the plantations and mines in America and West Indies

(b)

Negative effects of the slave trade on West Africa

1. Many Africans were killed during slave raids and ethnic wars for slaves and it led to a reduction in the youthful population
2. There was loss of manpower as about 210 million able-bodied young men and women who could have worked for development were taken away
3. There was racial discrimination as the Africans were treated as sub-human beings by their white slave masters
4. Africans dispersed to many parts of the world especially the Americans, West Indies, Asia and Europe
5. Africans suffered loss of image and self-respect. They felt inferior to people of other races
6. The trade made West Africans generally unsafe because of slave raids and tribal wars
7. Africans became more barbaric and brutal than before the trade
8. Africans lost confidence in themselves in their ability to rely on their own minds and efforts to development

(a)

Sources of revenue to the District Assemblies in Ghana

1. Tolls or fees
2. Court fines
3. Property rates
4. Government grants for paying salaries and pensions
5. District Assembly Common Fund
6. Basic rates/land poll tax (lampoon)
7. Issuing of licenses
8. Economic ventures
9. Loans
10. Donations from NGO's
11. Royalties

(b)

Contributions of the District Assemblies to the development of your area

1. They engage in refuse collection and other aspects of sanitation
2. They help in the construction and maintenance of feeder roads
3. They assist in the training and retraining of their staff
4. They provide civic education for citizens
5. They help in infrastructural development by building toilets, markets, etc.
6. They develop tourist sites that bring in foreign exchange
7. They also provide sponsorship for some exchange programs
8. They make bye-laws to maintain law, order and peace
9. They enforce bye-laws through the courts
10. They give scholarships to needy but brilliant students

(a)

Ways in which tourism contributes to the economy of Ghana

1. It serves as a source of employment for people e.g. tourist guides for tourist sites, chefs, waiters, cleaners, etc. in hotels that accommodate these tourists
2. It brings in foreign exchange earnings e.g. payment of hotel bills, buying of food, souvenirs, etc.
3. It promotes the development of local crafts which are brought as souvenirs by tourists
4. It helps in the promotion of infrastructural development e.g. electricity, water, good roads, hotels, etc.
5. It also exposes/advertises the country to the outside world
6. It helps in the diversification of the economy
7. It generates revenue to the government in the form of tax e.g. airport tax
8. It leads to the preservation and development of tourist sites e.g. beaches, castles, parks, monkey sanctuaries, water falls, etc.
9. It promotes agriculture e.g. horticulture
10. It attracts foreign investors to invest in the country

(b)

Ways in which tourism can be promoted in Ghana

1. Ensuring adequate security for tourists when they come
2. Effective publicity in the media and foreign embassies
3. A clean environment to attract the tourists
4. Training of tourist personnel such as guides, drivers, etc.
5. The infrastructure/social amenities should be of acceptable standards
6. Treating tourists as guest with honesty and respect
7. Maintaining the tour sites (castles, game reserves, beaches, etc.) all the time
8. Establishing of Ghana Tourist Board to promote tourism

(a)

Causes of urbanization

1. Better educational facilities
2. For commercial activities (trading, banking, etc.)
3. To enjoy better social amenities such as hospitals, electricity, pipe-borne water etc.
4. Employment or job opportunities
5. Expectation of a higher standard of living or prestige
6. Industrialization/Opening of more industries
7. Rural-urban drift due to poor development in the rural areas
8. Natural increase in population
9. Avoidance of family commitment, social responsibilities and outmoded cultural practices

(b)

Effects of urbanization

1. Overpopulation in the urban areas/depopulation in the rural areas
2. Pressure on social amenities
3. Development of slums
4. Proliferation of social vices
5. Unemployment
6. Environment pollution
7. Overcrowding/congestion/streetism/street hawkers
8. Traffic jams (vehicle and human)
9. High cost of living - rent, food
10. Low agricultural productivity in rural areas

(a)

Productivity is output per man-hour. It is said to be high when a person, within a given time, produces more goods/services than another person.

(b)

Ways of increasing productivity in Ghana

1. Public education of negative practices that lower productivity
2. Emphasis should be laid on technical education to train middle-level manpower
3. Workers should be motivated by improving service conditions and other benefits
4. Workers should be given on-the-job training and should attend refresher courses to improve their skills
5. In agriculture, irrigation projects should be set up to increase agricultural production
6. Credit facilities should be granted to entrepreneurs to make them put up their best
7. Planning and target setting
8. Using appropriate tools and equipment
9. Using modern technology such as computers, tractors, combine harvesters, etc.
10. Effective work ethics such as punctuality, regularity, hard work, honesty, etc.
11. Increase in the level of supervision or managerial skills

(a)

Private enterprise is an organization which is not set up by the government but rather owned by individuals or a group of individuals and managed by them.

(b)

Roles the Government of Ghana could play to promote private enterprise

1. Guarantee financial support to private business men
2. Organize training courses for private business to make them abreast with modern trends
3. The government should provide tax relief or tax holidays to new businesses
4. Importation of goods into the country must be checked
5. The state must sponsor local businessmen abroad to participate in trade fairs in order to expose their products to the outside world
6. Advertising the products of the private sector internally and externally
7. Ensuring that goods produced are of very good quality
8. Providing an enabling environment such as infrastructural development, setting up of a National Investment Council, establishing of National Board for Small Scale Industries (NBSSI), good investment laws, etc. for businesses