(a)

Causes of irresponsible adolescent behaviour

1. Refusal of parents to provide children with their needs
2. Pressure from their peers to engage in bad behaviour
3. The adventurous nature of some children/curiosity
4. Failure of parents in show respect to their children
5. Parents engage in irresponsible behaviour themselves for instance engaging in prostitution, drunkenness, etc.
6. Some parents fail to show affection to their children and rather blame them for everything that goes wrong
7. Some children enjoy it when they are branded as "Bad boys"
8. Some children copy bad behaviour from the media such as films, magazines, adverts, etc.
9. Breakdown of the extended family system
10. Broken homes
11. Ignorance of some children/lack of education
12. Poverty on the part of the child/parent
13. The uncontrolled desire for material things

(b)

Benefits of adolescent chastity

1. Self dignity
2. Self confidence
3. Respect from adults or community
4. Easy to attract responsible partner for marriage
5. Uninterrupted education
6. Promotes self discipline
7. Brings honour to parents
8. Keeping focus on goals in life
9. Freedom from Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) including HIV/AIDS
10. Avoidance of early parenthood/teenage pregnancy
11. Avoidance of abortion and its effects
12. Brings about trust in marriage

(a)

Causes of environmental degradation

Air
1. Cars emit smoke which pollutes the environment
2. Harmful gases from factories
3. Destroying trees that provide oxygen, leads to pollution
4. Bad odour from dead animals, gutters, refuse dump, excreta, etc. pollute the air
5. Smoke from burning
6. Dust in air through construction works

Land
1. Overgrazing
2. Mining or quarrying
3. Sand winning
4. Use of fertilizers
5. Destruction of vegetation for timber
6. Improper layout of towns/urbanization
7. Bushfires
8. Bad farming practices such as slash and burn
9. Improper waste disposal

Water
1. Discharge of industrial chemicals into water bodies
2. Poor fishing methods such as the use of dangerous chemicals like DDT
3. Spilling of oil into water bodies which kill the living things like fish
4. Dumping of solid and liquid waste into water bodies
5. Cattle grazing whereby they drink from water bodies, contaminating the water
6. Washing and bathing in and around water bodies

(b)

Ways by which the environment can be protected from degradation

1. Legislation: Laws should be passed to prosecute law breakers who pollute the environment
2. Afforestation: Growing of trees to replace burnt or cut ones
3. Education by Fire Service,NADMO and others on the need to maintain a healthy environment
4. Encourage farmers to use appropriate farming methods
5. Set-up conservation agencies to keep and maintain forest reserves such as Forestry Commission, Friends of Water Bodies, etc.
6. Recycling of solid and liquid waste
7. Encouraging proper disposal of domestic waste
8. Encouraging proper disposal of industrial waste
9. Controlling soil erosion by planting cover crops, ridging, etc.
10. Fishermen should use appropriate fishing methods
11. Encourage controlled grazing
12. Encourage controlled exploitation of forest resources

(a)

Characteristics of a good law

1. It must serve the interest of the people
2. It must be reasonable
3. It must apply equally to everyone
4. It should be publicized
5. It should be capable of being enforced
6. It should be flexible
7. It should not infringe on the fundamental human rights of the individual
8. The law must be certain/specific/unambiguous
9. The law must not be backdated

(b)

Benefits of law in a society

1. It allows people to conform to social order
2. Promotes peace and stability in society
3. Brings crime under controll
4. Leads to social and economic progress
5. Protects public or private property
6. Protects human rights
7. Leads to discipline and moral uprightness
8. Promotes good governance

a)

Citizenship means a membership of a country. A citizen is a person, who has been accepted as a member of a country either by reason of birth, adoption, descent or by registration.

b)

Ways by which one could become a citizen of Ghana

1. By birth: A child born anywhere whose parents or grandparents are Ghanaians
2. By founding: A child of not more than seven years of age found in Ghana whose parents are not known
3. By adoption: A child of not more than sixteen years of age adopted by a Ghanaian
4. By registration: A foreigner married to a Ghanaian may apply for registration as a Ghanaian
5. By conferment: The president may confer an honorary citizenship on a foreigner in appreciation of his/her contribution to the development of the country
6. By ancestry/descent: One can become a citizen by tracing his/her ancestry to the country for instance Nana Agyeman Prempeh I and children were citizens of Ghana while in exile in Seychelles
7. By naturalization: A foreigner who has stayed in the country for a long time and after renouncing his former citizenship can apply to become a citizen of the country

c)

Duties of a citizen of Ghana

1. Payment of taxes: Every citizen of Ghana should honour his/her tax obligations to the state. The government's main source of revenue is taxes which is used to provide roads, schools, hospitals, etc.
2. Obedience to laws: It is the duty of every citizen to obey the laws of the country in order to ensure peace, stability and development
3. Prevention of criminal acts: Well-behaved citizens are expected to take measures that will prevent criminal activities because they destroy people's lives and property. It is therefore the duty of citizens to make available any useful information that will help the police in investigating a crime
4. Protection of state property: Every citizen is required to use all means available to him/her to ensure the safety of state property by protecting and maintaining state properties
5. Defence: A citizen is required to defend his/her country at all times and in all circumstances. In time of war, a citizen should be prepared to join the army when called upon in order to defend the country from external attack
6. Loyalty: A citizen is expected to defend all state documents, symbols, policies and secrets wherever he/she may find themselves
7. Voluntary service: A citizen is expected to provide such services as acting as a witness or jury at the law courts whenever he/she is called upon to do so
8. Communal labour: A citizen is expected to take part in communal labour whenever he/she is called upon to do so
9. Participating in national politics: A citizen should vote, stand for elections, etc.
10. Respect the rights of other citizens
11. Exhibit positive work ethics. A citizen is expected to work conscientiously in his/her lawfully chosen occupation
12. Respecting the rights of other citizens
13. Knowing the law: It is the duty of every citizen of Ghana to know and understand basic rights and duties under the constitution because ignorance of the law is no defence
14. Defending the 1992 constitution of Ghana: Every citizen has the duty to defend the 1992 constitution of Ghana since it protects our rights

a)

Secondary production is the process of turning raw materials into finished and semi-finished goods.

Examples of secondary production

1. Manufacturing
2. Industrialization/Processing
3. Construction

b)

Reasons why the secondary production sector is important in Ghana

1. It serves as a source of employment e.g. plumbers, electricians, etc.
2. It helps a country earn and conserve foreign exchange from export of the goods
3. Sources of revenue to government (taxation)
4. It provides market for the agricultural sector
5. It helps in the development of infrastructure e.g. roads, good water, electricity, etc.
6. It adds value to raw materials for export
7. It leads to an increase in technological development
8. Reduces post harvest losses for instance abundant harvest are processed into finished and semi-finished products e.g. canned fish, meat, tomatoes, etc.
9. Diversification of the economy, moving away from the dependence on raw materials like minerals, cocoa and timber to canned fruits, textiles and knock down furniture, etc.
10. Produces manufactured goods for local consumption

a)

Ways of improving the health needs of Ghanaians

1. Improvement of existing hospital and clinic facilities
2. Health insurance scheme
3. Providing more health centres, clinics and maternity homes especially in the rural areas
4. Training and retraining of health personnel
5. Non-government organizations, churches and donor agencies should be encouraged to assist the health sector
6. Attractive remunerations, incentives and allowances for all categories of health workers
7. Education on sanitation and environmental cleanliness
8. Preventive health education
9. Research centres in the health sector to provide information to the birth and death registry
10. Public education on the need to seek scientific treatment of diseases in addition to traditional/local treatment and spiritual healing
11. Engagement in regular exercises
12. Improved nutrition: Encouraging people to eat more balanced diets
13. Provision of good/portable water

b)

Ways by which improved health of the people can contribute to national development

1. Absenteeism at work will be reduced
2. High labour productivity
3. Ready supply of labour
4. Improvement in personal savings and accumulation of capital
5. Increase life expectancy
6. Full utilization of resources
7. Government expenditure on health will be reduced