(a)

I → Rain forest (evergreenn)
II → Semi deciduous forest
III → Coastal thicket and grassland/mangrove
IV → Guinea savanna
V → Sudan savanna

(b)

Benefits of water bodies in Ghana

1. Reducing the occurrence of floods
2. For domestic purposes
3. Drainage system
4. Fish for human consumption
5. Source of food for aquatic life
6. Home for aquatic life
7. Generation of electricity
8. Transportation
9. Formation of rain
10. Provision of minerals
11. Tourism/recreation
12. Agricultural purposes
13. Industrial purposes
14. Used as boundaries

(a)

Cultural change means adaptation and shift in social, economic and general culture life to be able to cope with present development.

(b)

Factors responsible for cultural change in Ghana

1. Education: Education has positively changed the culture of many societies in Ghana, changing how people think and behave and has exposed many people to cultures that are different from theirs
2. Trade: Trading activities lead to interactions between people from different cultures which help people to adopt cultural traits such as language, dressing and also changed aspects of their own culture considered as outmoded
3. Inventions and other forms of technology: Inventions expose people to new lifestyles, dressing, beliefs and new way of doing things causing changes in their old and traditional culture
4. Travelling/migration: When people travel/migrate from their hometowns, communities and countries, they discover new aspects of culture which are easier and better and may adopt and integrate the new culture into theirs
5. Changes in the physical environment such as deforestation, increase in rainfall, etc.
6. Changes in the social environment such as increased population, smaller families and changes in the respect for leaders
7. Social upheavals such as civil wars, conflicts, revolutions, etc.
8. Research and new discoveries such as plant medicine, mineral discoveries, etc.
9. Influence of other cultures due to religion, colonization, media influence, etc.
10. Inter-marriages: Marriages between people from different cultures lead to the adoption of new aspects of culture such as language, religion, dress, food, etc.

(a)

Contributions of Ghana to the United Nations Organization

1. Peace-keeping operations in Lebanon, Liberia, Sierra Leone, etc.
2. Catering for Liberian Refugees-Budumburam and establishment of a Refugee Centre at Klikor
3. Ghanaian public servants such as Kofi Annan (former UNO Secretary General), Alexander Quaison-Sackey (a former president of the UN General Assembly) served on the UNO organs and agencies
4. Ghana has served (on two occasions) as a non-permanent member of the Security Council
5. Financial contributions as dues
6. The Audit Service of Ghana together with others audit the accounts of the UNO annually
7. Hosting of UN agencies and their diplomats

(b)

Ways Ghana has benefited from the United Nations Organization

1. Financial support from the World Bank
2. Loans from the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
3. United Nations Development Program(UNDP) programmes and projects in agriculture and rural development
4. Medical support and control of diseases by World Health Organization (WHO)
5. Benefited from World Food Programme in 1983
6. Contributions of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) towards agriculture in Ghana
7. Election observers and promotion of democratic governance
8. Benefits from International Conferences organized by the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
9. Technical assistance to Ghana such as United Nations Development Program (UNDP)

(a)

Separation of powers is the practice whereby each of the three arms of Government (the legislature, executive and judiciary) work independently of each other.

(b)

Advantages of separation of powers

1. It sets out the duties and powers of each organ of government and this brings fairness in the administration of the country
2. It prevents dictatorship because power is never vested in one organ, person or group of people
3. It ensures that all arms of government respect and abide by the Constitution
4. It protects the rights or freedoms of citizens against abuse by forcing the arms of government to comply with the laws and provisions on fundamental human rights and freedoms under the 1992 Constitution
5. It leads to efficiency and specialization due to years of carrying out the same functions
6. It limits the powers of the Executive and the Legislature for instance persons nominated as Ministers need approval from Parliament before they assume office

(a)

Ways through which human resource can be developed in Ghana

1. Provision of education: General education helps people to read and write producing intelligent and responsible people for administrative positions. Education equip the individuals with knowledge, attitude and experience to discover their inherent qualities, talents, capabilities, etc. which makes them become a valuable resource in solving problems, performing task and handling challenges.
2. Provision of technical and vocational education/Training: Training programmes impact new skills and correct common mistakes among individuals while performing their duties. Training is to make human labour more efficient
3. Welfare services: The improvement in the welfare of the human being whose resources are needed also need to be taken into consideration to make labour more efficient. Services such as scholarships, health schemes, social security, insurance, etc. can help in developing human resource
4. Creating employment opportunities: Individuals become more efficient, productive and resourceful when they get access to facilities to practice the skills, knowledge and experience they acquired through learning and training
5. Working conditions: The general conditions under which people work also affects their productivity. A good working environment/conditions encourages the individual to bring out his/her best
6. Remuneration and incentives to motivate workers. If the salaries and wages of workers are low, they will not be compelled to show extreme devotion to their work. The government and management must therefore give attractive salaries for them to bring their best
7. Good work ethics: individuals should develop positive attitudes such as loyalty, punctuality, honesty, etc. to work
8. The use of efficient tools: Good working environment as well as efficient tools such as up-to-date computers, etc. should be made available in order to make the workers more resourceful
9. Good labour management and supervision at workplaces: Workers are more resourceful when there is an atmosphere of good labour management and supervision. These compel the worker to be resourceful and bring out his/her best
10. Provision of refresher/in-service training of workers: Workers must be given the opportunity to go through in-service trainings/refresher courses at the workplace to update their skills to meet the new trends of production
11. Provision of organized visits to established institutions to learn and share experiences, organizational ideas, etc.

(b)

Reasons why labour is not fully used in Ghana

1. Poor working conditions: Low salaries and wages and poor working conditions do not encourage the worker to do his/her best at work
2. Inadequate training facilities: On-the-job and off-the-job training makes people improve upon their skills and knowledge and make them more efficient. In the absence of these facilities, it's not possible to train the people
3. Inadequate job opportunities: Many Ghanaians after their education find it difficult to secure a job and this make it impossible for them to put their skills and knowledge to use
4. Limited welfare services: Many Ghanaian workers do not have welfare services such as accomodation/housing facilities, medical services, insurance, transport to and from work. There is nothing to motivate the worker to put in his/her best
5. Low technical know-how: Majority of Ghanaians have low level of technical know-how as such, they are unable to exploit the available resources
6. Poor attitudes to work: Most Ghanaians exhibit negative attitudes such as lateness, absenteeism, etc. to work due to low level of supervision at workplaces. This make them waste productive hours and work below their capacity
7. Inadequate training and retraining: Workers do not get adequate training and as a result they are not fully equipped with the necessary skills required to perform a task