(a)

Problems created in the urban areas by rural-urban migration

1. Increase in urban unemployment
2. Increase in crime wave (e.g Armed robbery, pick pocketing, etc.)
3. Pressure on social amenities
4. Creation of slums/overcrowding
5. Increase in transport problems
6. Increase in spread of diseases
7. Increase in environmental pollution
8. Increase in social vices
9. High cost of living
10. Streetism
11. Increase in government expenditure

(b)

Measures that can be adopted to reduce rural-urban migration

1. The provision of social amenities in rural areas would reduce the number of people migrating to the urban areas to look for such facilities
2. Development of industries such as basketry, cloth weaving, food processing, pottery in rural areas would provide alternative livelihood support to people living in rural areas
3. Extension of electricity to all parts of the country to promote the growth of small-scale industries and serve as an incentive to would-be entrepreneurs
4. The government must speed up decentralization process to help develop the rural areas
5. The government must link the rural areas with transport facilities to the extension of business and medical services to the rural areas. This will encourage farming and siting of rural industries to prevent people from drifting to the urban areas in seek of employment/jobs
6. Making the acquisition of land easy/land tenure system should be revised to attract young people into farming
7. Abolishing or changing of some traditional practices and beliefs such as female genital mutilation, forced marriages, Trokosi,etc.
8. Improvement of agriculture in the rural areas by providing agricultural inputs such as fertilizers, storage facilities, credit facilities, etc.
9. Sensitizing/educating the youth on the dangers and negative effects of urban areas e.g. unemployment, overcrowding, etc.
10. Providing ready market and guaranteeing prices for agricultural produces
11. Provision of job opportunities in the rural areas
12. Provision of recreational facilities such as parks in the rural areas

(a)

(b)

Effects of superstitious beliefs on a community

1. It slows down growth and scientific development. This reduces the ability of the people to solve problems in a rational manner
2. There is abuse of human rights. Individuals accused of superstitious experience are abused against their fundamental human rights
3. It brings about irrational fear which makes people live in fear as a result of being afraid that someone who has supernatural powers may harm them
4. It reduces scientific and critical thinking for instance people do not question the reason behind some happenings
5. It brings about suspicion and mistrust which brings fear leading to break-up of families and relationships
6. It leads to animosity which can lead to ethnic conflicts
7. It leads to laziness and does not promote development
8. It brings social control and good morals
9. It preserves and conserves forest as certain forest are left because of superstitious beliefs
10. It brings about social cohesion and unity
11. Lot of resources are wasted on pacification and sacrifices
12. It promotes crime such as serial killings
13. It provides rest to farmers, fishermen, hunters
14. It maintains respect for law and order and respect for authority

(a)

Reason why the Watson Commission was set up

The Watson Commission was set up to go into the 1948 disturbances that took place in Gold Coast (Ghana) and make recommendations.

(b)

Reasons for the 1948 riots

1. The Gold Coasters were not satisfied with the Burns Constitutions because there were too many Europeans and few Ghanaians in the Executives and legislative Council
2. Ghanaian soldiers who fought for the colonial masters during the second world war (world war II) were dissatisfied with their lot after returning home. They faced many problems - had no jobs, no houses to sleep and were not paid pensions
3. The general shortage of essential goods led to high prices of goods
4. Insufficient jobs
5. Poor handling of the swollen shoot diseases that attacked cocoa trees
6. The Gold Coasters disliked conditional sales
7. People hated the control of goods by the Syrians and Lebanese
8. Shooting of three (3) ex-servicemen was the immediate cause

(a)

Sources of conflicts in Ghana

1. Location/siting of a public facility
2. Unacceptable ways of choosing leaders
3. Denigrating/belittling/defaming minority groups
4. Infringing on the rights of a section of the people
5. Suspicion
6. Stereotyping
7. Negative attitude towards other people
8. Ownership of land/property
9. Intolerance

(b)

Effects of conflicts in Ghana

1. Destruction of life and property
2. Creation of insecurity
3. Distortion of economic and social life
4. Retardation of progress
5. Hunger and disease leading to malnutrition, starvation and death
6. Discouragement of investors
7. Displacement of people
8. Brain drain/loss of professionals
9. Hatred and emnity
10. Emotional and psychological trauma
11. Abuse of human rights
12. Increase in government expenditure

(a)

Reasons for saving

1. To offset eventuality
2. To further education
3. To undertake projects
4. For profit making
5. For sightseeing/tourism
6. For investments
7. For retirement
8. To avoid unnecessary spending
9. To minimize borrowing

(b)

Avenues for saving

1. Money box
2. Saving with 'susu'/non-bank financial institutions
3. Credit unions
4. Bank saving account
5. Government bonds
6. Purchase of shares
7. Treasure bills
8. Social security and National Insurance Trust (SSNIT)
9. Other Insurance companies
10. Investment in immovable property
11. Fixed deposit

(a)

Reasons for the establishment of state owned enterprises in Ghana

1. Provision of vital/strategic services
2. Control of vital services
3. Preventing exploitation of consumers
4. Creation of employment avenues
5. Provision of huge capital where it is required
6. Provision of infrastructure
7. Breaking monopoly power
8. Raising revenue for the government
9. Breaking the monopoly of private companies
10. Protection of national interest

(b)

Problems facing state owned enterprises in Ghana

1. Government interference
2. Inadequate finance
3. Negative attitude of management to workers
4. Inefficient management
5. Corruption
6. Nepotism
7. Negative work attitude of workers
8. Inadequate supervision
9. Poor maintenance culture
10. Inadequate modern technologies