(a)

Libation as a traditional means of worship

1. Libation is the pouring out of special liquids, especially alcoholic beverages, to a deity or the ancestors
2. Libation is a way by which people pray to a deity
3. Libation may be offered by an individual on his behalf alone or on behalf of a group of people
4. Libations are usually offered at festivals, naming ceremonies, engagements, marriage ceremonies, etc
5. Those who qualify to offer libation include family heads, linguists, chiefs, fetish priests, etc
6. Libation is offered to the ancestors, lesser gods and spirits and to the Supreme God
7. The one who offers the libation must remove his hat and footwear as a sign of respect to the deity or ancestors and stands in front of the other members of the praying group
8. The prayers are said aloud to the hearing of all those present
9. The right hand is used in the offering of libation
10. The following procedures are followed:
Prelude : the capturing of the attention / consent of the objects of worship
Invocation: the spirits are invoked through rendering appellations and praise
Petition: petitions / requests are made unto the deity / ancestor to which the prayers are being rendered
Conclusion: Usually marked by request for curses upon enemies and blessings upon sympathizers

(b)

Purposes of traditional worship

1. To offer thanksgiving and praises to the objects of worship (Supreme God, lesser gods, ancestors, etc)
2. To strengthen the bond between the worshipper and the object of worship
3. To express the worshippers faith and confidence in the deities (Supreme God, lesser gods, certain spirits)
4. To show reverence / honour for the deities / object of worship
5. To seek protection / security from the deities
6. To request for blessings – favour, success, prosperity, riches, strength, etc
7. To confess their evil deeds / wrongdoings and seek forgiveness
8. It promotes unity, solidarity and harmony among the members of the community
9. It encourages spiritual growth and progress
10. It shows dependence on the deities for well being and life

(c)

Describe how fasting is performed during Ramadan

Fasting means to totally abstain from food, alcohol, sex and smoking before dawn till sun set during the month of Ramadan.

Ramadan is the ninth month on the Islamic calendar. It is the 4th of the five pillars of Islam

1. All adults Muslims are obligated to fast for all the 29 or 30 days of the month of Ramadan
2. Young children, the aged, the sick are exempted from the fast
3. The fasting Muslim abstains from food, alcohol, sex and smoking throughout the day – from before sunrise till after sunset.
4. The Muslim rises very early in the morning about an hour or two before fajr (the predawn prayer)
5. He / she prepares for Suhoor, the pre-dawn meal before the Fajr prayer.
6. He / she may also do some reading or listening to readings from Islamic books about the virtues of Ramadan. About two units of night prayer may also be performed before Suhoor.
7. The family takes the early morning / pre-dawn meal (the Suhoor)
8. The few minutes before the break of dawn is spent performing ablution, to prepare for the dawn prayer, Fajr
9. The fast begins with the rendering of the dawn prayer, fajr.
10. fasting Muslims are expected to stay calm, avoid quarrels, avoid unnecessary chatting and shun all forms of evil
11. Fasting Muslims are expected to go about their normal duties, but must not exert themselves too much.
12. The fasting Muslims must stay in a prayerful and meditative mood and recite the Quran as much as possible throughout the day.
13. Islamic leaders read out portions of the Quran and teach / preach throughout the day.
14. The fasting Muslim is expected to perform good deeds, such as providing for the poor, carrying out charitable activities, etc, in the course of the fast.
15. The fast is broken in the evening with a meal (the Iftar) after sunset
16. The fourth Prayer, the Maghrib, is offered just after the evening meal.
17. The fifth and last prayer, Isha, is offered as the last activity of the day
18. The fasting Muslim is expected to sleep early, ie, just after the fifth prayer, in order to wake up early to prepare for the day.
19. The Ramadan month of fasting ends with the celebration of Eid-Ul-Fitr

(d)

Benefits of fasting in Ramadan

1. It makes the fasting Muslim thank and praise God for his goodness
2. It encourages a sense of equality among all mankind
3. It creates the opportunity for the Muslim to give more to the poor (Zakat)
4. It provides the chance to confess sins and ask for forgiveness
5. It promotes total submission to the will of Allah
6. It enables the fasting Muslim to seek God‟s protection and guidance
7. It cultivates the virtue of self-control in the fasting Muslim
8. It makes the physical body healthier as it takes a rest from the continuous digestion of foods
9. It helps to guard against sin and wrongdoing
10. It gives the opportunity to ask for Allah‟s blessings and favour
11. It enables one to purify him/herself
12. It strengthens the fasting Muslims‟ relationship with God
13. It enables him/ her to grow spiritually
14. It promotes the study, meditation and recital of the Quran

(a)

The parable of the sower

1. A sower went out to sow seeds. As he sowed, some of the seeds fell by the way side, and it was trampled upon, and the birds of the air ate it.
2. Some other seeds fell upon a rock, and as soon as it germinated, it withered away; because it lacked moisture since there roots were not deep enough in the ground.
3. Other seeds fell among thorns, and as the seeds germinated and grew, the thorns choked them
4. Others fell on good ground / fertile soil, grew up, and bore fruits in hundredfold, sixtyfold and thirtyfold

(b)

Interpretation of the sower interpreted

1. The seed is the Word of God
2. The sower represents preachers of the Word of God
3. The seeds that fell by the wayside that were eaten by the birds represent the devil stealing away the Word of God from those who hear the word of God and don‟t understand it.
4. The seeds that fell on rocks represent those that receive the word of God with joy, believe it for a while but give up or fall away when they face tribulation, persecution or temptation.
5. The seeds that fell among thorns represent those who hear the word of God, but are choked by the cares of this world, riches and pleasures of life.
6. The seeds that fell on good ground represent those who hear the word of God with a good heart, keep it and apply it in their lives

(c)

Moral lessons from the parable of the sower

1. We must be doers of the Word of God and not hearers only (ie, we must apply the Word of God to our lives after we have heard it)
2. We must obey our parents, teachers and elders and follow their guidance.
3. Whatever we are taught in school or at home, we must ensure that we understand it very well, in order to apply it properly.
4. We must practically apply the education we are given in school and at home.
5. We must not allow the enjoyable things of this world (such parties, gossips, TV,internet browsing, chatting, games) to draw us away from God / our parents / teachers.
6. We must not yield to ridicule (being laughed at) or persecution from others
7. We must be steadfast and strong in our faith.
8. We must not allow riches or hardships to deceive us to commit sin
9. We must persevere and not give up in the face of difficulties
10. We must not allow our friends or our enemies to make us commit evil

(a)

How Muslim prayer (Salat) is performed

1. The ablution (wuzu) must be performed before every salat
2. The prayer session comprises a number of movements / positions.
3. Each movement is always preceded by the phrase „Allahu Akbar‟ (God is Great).
4. This indicates to followers of the prayer that the leader is about to make the next movement.
Takbir (Starting position)
5. Muslims face towards the Qibla in Mecca and make the intention to pray. To begin the act of prayer,they say 'Allahu Akbar' meaning God is great, raising the hands to the ears or shoulder.
Qiyaam (Standing position)
6. Muslims place their right hand over their left on their chest or navel while in the standing position
7. A short supplication glorifying God and seeking His protection is read.
Qiraat (Recitation from Quran)
8. Muslims recite Surah Al Fatiha, which is the first chapter in the Qur'an. Verses from any another chapter are then recited.
Ruku (Bowing position)
9. The Muslim bows down, putting the hands on the knees and says 'glory be to God, the Most Great',three times.
Qiyaam (Standing position)
10. While moving into the upright position, Muslims recite 'God listens to the one who praises Him' and while in the standing position, 'To God belongs all praise' then is recited. 'God is Great' is recited again. Hands are loosely at the sides this time.
Sujud (Prostrating position)
11. Sujud means to prostrate. While in the prostration position 'Glory be to God, the Most High' is repeated three times. Palms, knees, toes, forehead and nose must be the only body parts touching the ground.
Qa’da-i-Akhira (Sitting position)
12. 'God is Great' is recited while moving to the sitting position. Muslims pause here for a few seconds, either staying silent, or reciting a shorter prayer. 'God is Great' is recited once more as the sujud position is taken again.
Sujud (Prostrating position)
13. This sujud is the same as the first one. After reciting 'Glory be to God, the Most High', one 'raka'ah', or unit is complete.
Tashahhud
14. After saying God is Great, Muslims return to the sitting position. They recite a set number of short prayers in Arabic, praising God, and sending peace on the Prophet. They repeat the declaration of faith, raising the forefinger of their right hand, in order to act as a witness.
15. They then ask God to bestow blessings and peace upon Prophet Abraham and his family, and ask for the same for Prophet Muhammad. Finally, Muslims ask for forgiveness and mercy, and ask God to bless them and their children until the Day of Judgement.
Peace to the right
16. To end the prayer, Muslims first turn their face to the right saying 'Peace be upon you, and the mercy and blessings of Allah.'
(This is said to the Angels who Muslims believe accompany each human being to record their actions)
Peace to the left
17. 'Peace be upon you, and the mercy and blessings of Allah' is repeated turning to the left side now.
(Muslims believe the Angel on the right side records all good actions and thoughts, while the one on the left records all bad actions.)

(b)

Benefits of ablution

1. It prepares the mind for prayer (salat)
2. It ensures purity of the body – by the washing with water
3. It helps the blood circulatory system to function properly – by the massage of the body in the process
4. It helps with normal breathing – by the cleaning of the nostrils
5. It helps with correct functioning of the central nervous system – through the stimulation of the blood flow by massaging.
6. It helps to prevent skin infections – by the washing away of germs from the body
7. It helps to prevent early aging or the formation of wrinkles – by maintaining the electrostatic balance of the body through the application of water.

(c)

Causes of death

1. Disease / sickness / infection
2. Motor accidents
3. Domestic accidents (eg, falling off a building, slipping and falling, etc)
4. Industrial accidents (getting struck by a falling object, killing by heavy equipment,etc)
5. Abortion
6. Murder
7. Natural causes (Old age)
8. Suicide
9. Food poisoning
10. Natural disasters, eg floods, earthquake, volcanic eruptions, etc
11. Execution (death sentence)
14. Starvation

(d)

Reasons why death rites are performed

1. To pay last respects / honour and say farewell to the dead
2. To separate the dead from this world and initiate them into the spirit world / the world of the dead
3. To encourage people to lead good lives while on earth
4. To assist the dead to be promoted to the level of ancestors
5. To exhibit the culture / customs of the people
6. To strengthen the bond of unity among family members, friends, colleagues and other sympathizers
7. To collect donations to help the dependants / family of the dead
8. It creates an opportunity for distant relations to come back / visit home
9. It promotes the cleaning and tidying up of homes and communities
10. It helps the family, friends and loved ones to cope with the death of their beloved
11. It creates an opportunity for potential marriage couples to identify themselves

(a)

Ways to show commitment to God

1. Attending worship sessions (at church / mosque / shrine) as often as one has to
2. Praying to God in the various ways as prescribed by one‟s religion
3. Studying and obeying the Scriptures or traditions of one‟s religion
4. Giving offering, tithes, sacrifices and other contributions to the church / mosque / shrine
5. Singing and dancing in praise / worship to God
6. Sharing the principles of their faith with others in order to encourage them to join
7. Forgiving others who offend them in any way
8. Offering various kinds of help (financial / material / social, etc) to those who need it
9. Repenting of their sins and living an upright life
10. Serving the church / mosque / shrine by working in one of their department

(b)

Reasons why commitment to one's family is necessary

1. It strengthens the bond among family members
2. It helps members to progress steadily in life
3. Family members can be helped in times of need
4. It boosts members‟ self worth and confidence
5. It creates peace, love and harmony
6. It makes the family united and strong
7. It gives the family a good reputation in society
8. It helps members to have a peaceful mind in order to work effectively
9. Family members get to learn and show good moral and behavior.

(c)

Types of reward available to those who put up good behavior

1. Book awards – Books or other educational material, usually given at schools' Speech and Prize-giving ceremonies, especially to pupils for excellent academic performance.
2. Cash prizes – Amounts of money given as a reward for a commendable accomplishment
3. Certificates – Formal documents, usually using a card, given in recognition of the successful completion of a particular course or examination.
4. Promotion – A raise (an elevation) of the class /status / level/ position of someone after having done satisfactory work at the previous stage.
5. Verbal appreciation – Words spoken, either to the person alone or to the hearing of everyone, to acknowledge a good / commendable work by that person
6. Recommendation – An expression of support / endorsement / approval for someone to another party. It could be either verbal or written
7. Scholarship – Financial help / an amount of money awarded to someone to pursue further studies
8. Good testimonial – A favourable report on the qualities and virtues of someone
9. Citation – An official document or speech that lauds someone, especially due to his/ her achievement.
10. Praise – Words that express approval or admiration for someone or one‟s work.
11. Medals – a small flat piece of metal, usually shaped like a coin and stamped with an inscription or design, awarded to somebody for outstanding
12. Holiday – An exemption period from regular or routine work
13. Party – a social gathering to which people are invited in order to enjoy themselves and often celebrate something or someone.
14. A pleasurable experience, such as taking one out for dinner, giving one an opportunity to travel for holidays, etc

(d)

Acts considered to be bad deeds

1. Abusing drugs
2. Prostitution
3. Armed robbery
4. Having pre-marital sex
5. Telling lies
6. Insulting others
7. Showing disrespect to / disregard for others
8. Being late to school / church / other engagements
9. Being irregular at school / church
10. Refusing to do one's homework or not doing it properly
11. Refusing to do one's house or school work/chores
12. Dressing indecently / inappropriately
13. Performing badly in one‟s test or examination
14. Refusing to help people when they need help which one can provide.
15. Disobeying instructions from elderly people
16. Refusing to surrender one's seat for an elderly person
17. Indiscriminate littering of the environment
18. Keeping our bodies and surroundings dirty
19. Wasting water and electricity

(a)

Habits which constitute good manners

1. Greeting and respecting others
2. Helping the elderly with their load
3. Offering one‟s seat to the elderly
4. Putting one‟s hands behind him/ her when speaking with the elderly
5. Using polite language, such as "please", "thank you" and "sorry" when speaking to others
6. Using the proper modes of greeting, such removing one‟s hat, using the right hand, lowering one‟s cloth / bowing before a chief, etc
7. Doing one‟s school chores diligently and faithfully
8. Dressing modestly and decently
9. Avoiding all forms of social vices, such as prostitution, drug abuse, armed robbery,etc.
10. Exercising self-control over one‟s desires or temper
11. Assisting / helping friends whenever they need help
12. Doing one‟s house chores diligently and faithfully
13. Obeying good instructions from elderly people
14. Disposing of litter in a proper way
15. Keeping our bodies and surroundings clean and tidy at all times

(b)

Benefits of showing good manners in the community

1. It brings honour and respect to the person and his/ her family
2. It creates peace and harmony in the community
3. It makes one gain much favour and help from various people.
4. It makes it easy for one to make good friends.
5. It creates unity and a sense of togetherness in the community
6. It promotes rapid development of the community
7. It gives the person a high social reputation (how society sees one)
8. The person builds up a high self esteem / confidence (how one sees him/herself)
9. It brings peace of mind (sound mind) to focus on education.
10. There is a higher chance of attracting responsible partner for marriage
11. It creates a sense of satisfaction and joy in people
12. It brings spiritual blessings
13. It can open up several good opportunities for the person

(c)

Causes of immoral behaviour among the youth

1. Peer pressure
2. Drug abuse
3. Poverty
4. Unemployment
5. Inadequate parental guidance
6. Broken homes
7. Influence by the media
8. Curiosity
9. Low self control
10. Inadequate education on immorality and its dangers
11. Advertisements of dangerous substances, such as alcohol and cigarettes
12. Bad examples by parents, teachers and other older people.
13. Bad movies, books, magazines, websites, etc

(d)

Effects of indulging in immoral behaviour

1. Infections and diseases
2. Death
3. Loss of respect and dignity
4. Poverty
5. Unemployment
6. Mob action / Lynching
7. Risk of arrest, prosecution and imprisonment
8. Broken homes
9. Low self esteem
10. Termination of education (dropping out of school)
11. Spiritual weakness

(a)

Moral values in society

1. Truthfulness
2. Diligence
3. Loyalty
4. Obedience
5. Forgiveness
6. Self-control
7. Patience
8. Generosity/ kindness

(b)

Occasions to show moral values

1. Truthfulness – When asked how much a school item costs, in order to be given money to buy it
2. Diligence – When given an activity to perform, whether at home, school, church or anywhere
3. Loyalty – When one has to decide whether or not to follow a particular cause or person
4. Obedience – When asked to do something by a leader (eg, mother/ father/ senior, etc)
5. Forgiveness – When someone has been offended by another person
6. Self-control – When one faces a temptation to do wrong or commit a sin
7. Patience – When something that is expected/ desired to happen delays
8. Generosity/ kindness – When other people / another person is in need of something that one has

(c)

Types of punishment

1. Suspension
2. Caution / query / warning letters
3. Fines
4. Dismissal
5. Isolation / segregation
6. Scolding / rebuking
7. Jailing / imprisonment
8. Corporal punishment
9. Extra work (sweeping, mopping, scrubbing, etc)
10. Capital punishment

(d)

Reasons why children are punished in your school

1. Showing disrespect to others
2. Being late to school
3. Deliberate truancy
4. Eating in the classroom
5. Refusing to do homework or not doing it properly
6. Refusing to do school work/chores
7. Dressing indecently / inappropriately
8. Disobeying instructions from teachers or prefects.
9. Indiscriminate littering of the environment
10. Making oneself and surroundings dirty
11. Fighting with a student or teacherAbusing drugs
12. Stealing
13. Having pre-marital sex
14. Watching pornography
15. Telling lies
16. Insulting others
17. Making unnecessary and excessive noise.

(a)

Extended family system

1. It comprises of various nuclear families
2. Many generations (great grandparents, grandparents, parents, children, grandchildren, greatgrandchildren) of the family live together as one
3. Several relations (uncles, aunties, nephews, nieces, cousins, etc) live together as one unit
4. Each member has a responsibility towards other members of the family
5. The system is led by the family head (Abusuapanyin)

(b)

Advantages of the extended family system

1. Other family members take up the responsibility of caring for the children in the absence of biological parents
2. Members gain broad knowledge, experience and wisdom from elders in the extended family
3. Children are able to learn their native language properly.
4. Children do not go wayward (get spoilt), even if parents are absent for long periods.
5. Greater security of members due to larger size
6. Members are able to properly learn / apply the culture / customs of their native background
7. Where parents are irresponsible, the children have other family members to depend on for guidance, assistance and security.
8. Members benefit from strong relationships among family members
9. More opportunities for progress in life, due to help from other members in the extended family

Disadvantages of the extended family

(c)

Nuclear family system

1. This family system comprises the father, mother and children.
2. The head of the family is the father
3. The assistant head of the family is the mother
4. The father is responsible for the provision of essential needs of the family
5. The size is relatively small

(d)

Obligations of members of the family

Obligations of the Father
1. He serves as the head of the family
2. He provides for the basic needs, such as, food, clothing and shelter
3. He pays the school fees of the children
4. He pays the home bills
5. He usually provides spiritual and career guidance for the family
6. He supplies the educational, health and recreational needs of the children
7. He manages the affairs of the home together with mother

Obligations of the Mother
1. She assists the father to head the home
2. She assists the father to provide basic needs, such as, food, clothing and shelter
3. She assists the father to manage the affairs of the home
4. She usually does the shopping for foodstuffs, groceries and other items
5. She supervises the household chores in the home
6. She usually provides moral and emotional support for the family.
7. She assists to supply the needs and wants of the children
8. She supervises the provision of food in the home

Obligations of a child in the home

1. Obeying and respecting the parents
2. Sweeping rooms and the compound
3. Tidying up rooms and the compound
4. Fetching water
5. Helping with cooking
6. Laying the table
7. Washing dishes, clothes, etc
8. Taking care of younger children
9. Running errands for parents and older siblings

(a)

Religious Youth Organisations are groups made up of young people in the religious bodies. They are established mainly to train them to uphold the doctrines, values and principles of the religious bodies.

(b)

Functions of youth organisations in the community

1. To promote peace, love and harmony among people
2. To educate the members on the foundation and historical background of their religion
3. To teach members the principles, values and doctrines of the religion
4. To help members to grow spiritually
5. To support the needy and underprivileged in society
6. To help with secular education (both formal and informal) of people
7. To create the opportunity for members to discover and develop their talents and potentials
8. To give members the opportunity to socialize in a healthy environment
9. To help member to keep their physical bodies fit and strong
10. To create the opportunity for members to learn vocational and other practical skills which could be of commercial value
11. To train members to become future leaders
12. To give members the chance to explore other places outside their localities

(c)

Human right is the basic privileges and freedoms to which all human beings are entitled

OR

Human right is the basic privileges and freedoms of an individual

(d)

How rights of the child can be protected

A. The right to life
This right can be protected by
1. Education
Children, parents and the general public must be educated on
i. the rights of the child to life,
ii. ways of preventing abuse of the child's right to life and
iii. avenues through which one can seek help in case of abuse or attempted abuse of the child's right to life

2. Preventing abortion: Abortion of unborn babies must be prevented by making and enforcing laws against abortion

3. Improving reproductive health systems. Reproductive health systems must be improved to prevent child mortality (children dying at/after birth)

B. The right to education
This right can be protected by:
1. Public eduction: Running public education campaigns on
i. the child's right to education
ii. ways of preventing abuse of the child's right to education and
iii. avenues through which one can address abuse or attempted abuse of the child's right to education

2. Responsible parenting: Parents paying their children's school fees and providing other educational needs of the child

3. Free and compulsory basic education: The government making basic education free and compulsory

4. Government / Civil Societal Interventions: Government / civil society providing children with items such as school books, bags, uniforms, etc, that are needed for school

C. The right to equality
This right can be protected by:
1. Public education : Running public education campaigns on
i. the child's right to equality
ii. ways of preventing abuse of the child's right to equality and
ii. avenues through which one can address abuse or attempted abuse of the child's right to equality

2. Responsible parenting: Parents / teachers treating their children/ pupils equally, regardless of their sex, intelligence, physical appearance, temperament or any other unique personal trait

3. Governmental / Civil/ Societal Interventions: The government and civil society providing equal opportunities for all children irrespective of their race/tribe, gender, location, social class, political opinion, etc.

D. Freedom of expression
This right can be protected by:
1. Public education: Running public education campaigns on
i. the child's right to freedom of expression
ii. ways of preventing abuse of the child's right to freedom of expression and
iii. avenues through which one can address abuse or attempted abuse of the child's freedom of expression

2. Proper training: Parents/ teachers training their children on how to properly express their opinions with respect/ courtesy

3. Opportunity for expression: Parents / teachers allowing children to freely express their views.

4. Governmental/ Civil Societal Interventions: The government and civil society providing good platforms for children to freely express their views without fear / reservation

E. Freedom of worship/ religion
This right can be protected by:
1. Public education: Running public education campaigns on
i. the child's right to freedom of worship/ religion
ii. ways of preventing abuse of the child's right to freedom of worship/ religion
iii. avenues through which one can address abuse or attempted abuse of the child's freedom of worship/ religion

2. Opportunity for expression: Parents/ teachers allowing children to worship / practice religion in the way that their spirits inspires them to.

3. Governmental/ Civil Societal Interventions: The government and civil society providing legal protection for children to worship freely in the way they are inspired to