(i)

Conventional signs on topographical maps

Any of the above five conventional signs

(ii)

Elements of the whether and the instrument used to measure

(i)

Difference between a map and a sketch

A map is a representation of the earth's surface or part of the earth's surface drawn to scale while a sketch on the other hand is a roughly drawn map usually not to scale.

(ii)

(i)

Rotation of the earth is the movement of the earth on it's axis for 24 hours, thus one day.

(ii)

Revolution of the earth is the movement of the earth around the sun on its orbit. This movement occurs every 365$\frac{1}{4}$ days, thus one year.

(i)

Effects of the rotation of the earth

1. Brings about day and night
2. Causes deflection of winds and ocean currents
3. Causes tides, making a rise and fall in the level of the sea
4. Brings about division of the earth into time zones
5. Brings differences in local time

(ii)

Effects of revolution of the earth

1. Brings differences in the altitude of the midday sun at different times of the year
2. Winter, spring, summer and autumn occur as a result of the revolution
3. Different length of day and night at varying times of the year occur due to the revolution
4. It causes the eclipses (Moon and sun)

(i)

Types of rainfall experienced in Ghana

1. Convectional rainfall
2. Cyclonic or frontal rainfall
3. Relief or Orographic rainfall

(ii)

Convectional Rainfall

1. The heating of the land surface causes evaporation of warm moist
2. The warm moist air becomes light and it is forced to rise by convention currents
3. The moist air becomes cooler in the upper atmosphere
4. The moist air condenses and forms (cumulus rain clouds)
5. With further cooling, cumulus clouds develop into cumulo-numbus clouds
6. Heavy rain often accompanied by thunder and lightning, falls
7. Hailstones may fall
8. Convectional rainfall mostly occurs in the afternoon

Cyclonic or Frontal Rainfall

1. Cold air mass and warm air meets at a front
2. The cold air mass sinks because it is denser or heavier
3. The warm air mass rises over the cold air mass
4. The warm air mass rises into the upper atmosphere
5. It condenses to form cumuls cloud
6. Further cooling of the clouds causes the formation of cumulo-nimbus cloud
7. Rain falls ahead of the cold front
8. It falls in showers
9. It covers a wide area

Relief or Orographic Rainfall

1. Warm moist air from the sea, lake or any water body blows against a highland barrier
2. The air is forced to rise above the highland
3. The air becomes cooler in the upper atmosphere
4. The air is condensed to form cumulus clouds
5. With further cooling, the cumulus clouds develop into cumulo-nimbus clouds
6. Much rain falls on the windward side of the highland
7. Very little rain falls on the leeward side of the highland

(iii)

Benefits of rainfall

1. For domestic uses e.g. washing of clothes, drinking, cooking
2. It helps to cool the weather
3. It helps farmers to plant their crops
4. It makes the grass to grow to provide food for animals
5. It provides water for use in the dry season (irrigation)

(i)

Stages of law-making by Parliament in Ghana

1. A proposal or bill is read to parliament by the clerk of parliament
2. The speaker refers the bill to an appropriate committee to study and make recommendations
3. The chairman of the committee presents the bill to parliament to study
4. A motion is tabled in the house for the bill to be read the second time in the house (parliament)
5. The bill is debated and voted on
6. Changes are made at the consideration stage after a thorough discussion
7. The house votes to approve or reject the bill by a simple majority
8. The bill is then written in legal language by the Attorney General's Department
9. The bill is sent to the President to sign
10. It becomes a law
11. The law is gazetted

(ii)

Characteristics of a good law

1. It must be in the interest of the people
2. It must be reasonable, that is, it must neither be too harsh nor too relaxed
3. It must apply to everybody equally
4. It must be publicized and made known to the people
5. It should be capable of being enforced by the relevant enforcing agents
6. It should be flexible or not rigid
7. It should not infringe on the fundamental human rights of the individual
8. The law must be certain or specific or unambiguous
9. The law must not be backdated
10. Meets moral code of people
11. Backed by authority
12. Written down to give its definiteness
13. Created and maintained by the state
14. Relates to the sovereignty of the people
15. Not to be retrospective
16. Stand the test of time
17. Must have human face
18. In accordance with the constitution

(iii)

Benefits of law in a society

1. It allows people to conform to social order
2. Promotes peace and stability in society
3. Brings crime under control
4. Leads to social and economic progress
5. Protects public or private property
6. Protects human rights
7. Leads to discipline and moral uprightness
8. Promotes good governance
9. Social progress
10. Discipline
11. Attracts foreign investment
12. Unity

(i)

Structure of government at the district level in Ghana

1. District Chief Executive
2. District Assembly
3. Area Committee
4. Unit Committee

(ii)

Problems facing District Assemblies in Ghana

1. Revenue mobilization
2. Over reliance on the District Assembly Common Fund
3. Inefficient project monitoring
4. Low capacity of both staff and members
5. Irregularities in contract awarding system
6. Inefficient education on policies and concept of District Assemblies
7. Inadequate funding
8. Inability to use fund judiciously or misapplication and mismanagement of funds
9. Problems of reliable sources of revenue
10. Community conflicts
11. Problems of logistics
12. Poor infrastructural facilities
13. Government interference
14. Inability to attract investors
15. Lack of co-operation from local people
16. Politicisation of the District Assembly
17. Sanitation

(iii)

Ways by which the problems of District Assemblies can be solved

1. Explore other avenues of revenue mobilization
2. Education
3. Increase people's participation
4. Regular capacity building of staff and members
5. Administrative commitment
6. Judicious use of fund
7. Provision of handy information by Assembly members
8. Accessibility of information
9. Information that is user friendly
10. Understanding roles of functionaries
11. Peace and order in communities
12. Improved infrastructural facilities
13. Government interference be limited
14. Provision of necessary logistics
15. Development plan drawn to contain clear and achievable targets

(i)

The three arms of Government

1. Executive
2. Legislative
3. Judiciary

(ii)

Functions of the executive

1. Appoints ministers, Chief Justices etc.
2. Sign treaties on behalf of government
3. Prepare budget for the nation
4. Formulates and implements policies
5. Maintains law and order by imposing curfews or state of emergencies
6. Assents (passes) bills into laws
7. Exercises prerogative of mercy (power of pardon)
8. Controls the Ghana Armed Forces through the President

Functions of the legislative

1. Making and amending of laws for the country
2. Vetting of ministers and judges nominated by the executive
3. Impeachment of President, Vice President and Supreme Court Judges when necessary
4. Debates on national issues
5. Controls the executive arm of government (MPs and ministers)
6. Controls public or state expenditure or spending

Functions of the judiciary

1. Protects human rights
2. Settles disputes and dispense justice and ensure fair judgement
3. Interpret the laws of the land and the constitution
4. Checks the other arms of government
5. Advises the executive arm of government
6. Registers and dissolves marriages

(iii)

Sources of revenue for the District Assemblies

1. Property tax
2. Licenses, fees and fines
3. Special rates
4. Lorry park tolls
5. Royalties
6. Market tolls
7. Rents
8. Donations from NGOs

(i)

(ii)

Sources of conflict in society

1. Property
2. Intolerance of people
3. Chieftaincy disputes/power struggle
4. Poor media report
5. Suspicion
6. Tribalism/Ethnocentrism
7. Abuse of human rights
8. Location/siting of public facilities
9. Stereotyping/Derogatory remarks
10. Greed
11. Partiality/Injustice
12. Misunderstanding
13. Misrepresentation of facts/issues
14. Favouritism/Nepotism
15. Looking down on minority group/discrimination
16. Land ownership

(iii)

Attitudes and values needed to prevent conflict in the community

1. Respect for one another
2. The need for tolerance
3. The need for forgiveness
4. We must love one another
5. We must be honest in everything we do
6. Fairness must prevail in the communities
7. Hard work and commitment to duty
8. Avoidance of derogatory remarks or stereotyping
9. Obeying rules and regulation in a state
10. The need for unity
11. Public education on the dangers of conflict
12. Humility
13. Kindness
14. Comportment
15. Trust worthiness
16. Transparency
17. Acknowledge concerns of others
18. Intermarriages

(iv)

Effects of ethnic conflicts

1. Loss of property
2. Loss of lives
3. Prevent/Retard Developments
4. Discourage local investments
5. Discourage foreign investments
6. Create instability/insecurity
7. Destruction of infrastructure
8. Intensify ethnic hatred and bigotry
9. Human rights abuses
10. Suffering among children and women
11. Displacements of people and property
12. Increase of government expenditure
13. Restriction of goods and services
14. Living with constant fear of attack
15. Imposition of curfew/state of emergency
16. Economic activities become stagnant
17. Leads to famine
18. Leads to brain drain/loss of professionals
19. Leads to emotional and psychological problems
20. Retardation of education
21. Outbreak of diseases
22. Curtailment of freedom of movement and association
23. Increase of government expenditure

(v)

Peaceful ways of resolving conflicts

1. Law enforcement
2. Negotiation
3. Reconciliation
4. Arbitration
5. Mediation
6. Retribution
7. Workshop
8. Counselling
9. Persuation
10. Haggling or buttering
11. Total surrender
12. Collaboration
13. Compromising
14. Withdrawing
15. Public education
16. Court action

(i)

Secondary production is the process of turning raw materials into finished and semi-finished goods.

Examples of secondary production

1. Manufacturing
2. Industrialization/Processing
3. Construction

(ii)

Problems facing the secondary production industry in Ghana

1. Lack of available markets for finished products
2. Lack of capital for expansion
3. Lack of skilled labour or workers
4. Lack of stable government
5. High tax burden on industries
6. Low development of our roads
7. Lack of enough raw materials
8. Depreciation of the cedi against major foreign currencies such as the dollar, pound and euro

(i)

Tertiary production or services industry is the provision of services to support primary and secondary productions and to run the general administration of the country.

Examples of tertiary production

1. Educational sector
2. Government
3. Banking and Finance industry
4. Transport Industry
5. Tourism Industry
6. Hospitality Industry (Restaurants, hotels, etc.)
7. Hospitals
8. ICT Industry
9. Security Services
10. Legal Services
11. Real Estate

(ii)

Problems facing the tertiary production industry in Ghana

1. Lack of educational and training facilities
2. Exodus of highly skilled labour to foreign countries
3. Lack of skilled labour or workers
4. Lack of stable government
5. High tax burden on industries
6. Unemployment
5. Poor remuneration
6. Poor working conditions