(a)

Microsoft PowerPoint/PowerPoint/

(b)

I → Title bar
IV → File tab
VI → Slide/Slide pane
VII → Notes pane
VIII → Slide
X → Placeholders

(c)

How to add a new slide to a PowerPoint presentation

Method I

Click on the New slide button

Method II

Press Ctrl + M

Method III

1. Right click on the slide you wish to add the new slide below
2. Select "New Slide" to add the new slide below

(d)

III/Design tab

(e)

How to duplicate a slide

1. Right click on the slide you wish to duplicate
2. Select "Duplicate Slide" to duplicate the slide

(f)

The part labelled V/Layout button allows changes to be made to the placeholders/X and their positions on the slide

(g)

Extensions of a PowerPoint/Presentation file

.pptx/.ppt

(h)

IX

(i)

II/Presentation tab

(j)

Presentation software

(k)

Function of VII/Notes Pane

Notes pane is where supplemental information that doesn't appear on-slide during a presentation are added. Only the presenter sees these notes.

Function of X/Placeholders

The placeholder allocates the space that will be filled with titles, text and or other graphics/charts.

(a)

Network topology/topologies

(b)

I → Bus
II → Star
III → Ring
IV → Mesh

(c)

Features of I (Bus Topology)

Note: Bus topology is a network configuration where all devices are attached to a long communication line, and all data is broadcast from one device to another.

1. Each station is connected by a single backbone cable
2. The nodes are connected to the backbone cable directly
3. It transmits data only in one direction
4. All data is sent to all nodes
5. All devices share the same resources regarding communication, i.e. the bus
6. Nodes can only receive or transmit data – they cannot do both simultaneously

Features of II (Star Topology)

1. Each device within the network is connected to a central device called a hub/switch
2. It takes more cable than e.g. a bus
3. If one device wants to send data to another device, it's first to send the info to the hub then the hub transmits that data to the designated device

Features of III (Ring Topology)

1. Each device is connected to with its exactly two neighboring devices, like points on a circle which forms like a ring structure
2. A number of repeaters are used with a large number of nodes to send data and to prevent data loss
3. Packets travels from one device to another until they reach the desired destination
4. Data travels in unidirectional forms/in only one direction but it can also do bidirectional by having 2 connections between each Network Node which is called Dual Ring Topology

Features of IV (Mesh Topology)

1. All the computers are interconnected to every other during a network
2. Each computer not only sends its own signals but also relays data from other computers
3. The connections within the mesh are often wired or wireless
4. It is very robust
5. It is not flexible

(d)

Advantages of I (Bus Topology)

1. It is the easiest network topology for linearly connecting peripherals or computers
2. It works very efficiently well when there is a small network
3. The length of cable required is less than a star topology
4. It is easy to connect or remove devices in this network without affecting any other device
5. Very cost-effective as compared to other network topology i.e. mesh and star
6. The topology is easy to understand
7. It is easy to expand by joining the two cables together

Disadvantages of I (Bus Topology)

1. It is not good for large networks
2. Identification of problems becomes difficult if the whole network goes down
3. Troubleshooting individual device issues is very hard
4. Need terminators are required at both ends of the main cable.
5. Additional devices slow the network down.
6. If the main cable is damaged, the whole network fails or splits into two.
7. Packet loss is high.
8. It is very slow as compared to other topologies

Advantages of II (Star Topology)

1. It is very reliable – if one cable or device fails then all the others will still work
2. It is high-performing as no data collisions can occur.
3. The hub can be upgraded easily
4. It is easy to detect fault because the links are often easily identified
5. No disruptions to the network when connecting or removing devices
6. Each device requires just one port i.e. to attach to the hub

Disadvantages of II (Star Topology)

1. It requires more cable than a linear bus
2. If the connecting network device (network switch) fails, the nodes attached are disabled and can't participate in network communication
3. More expensive than linear bus topology due to the value of the connecting devices (network switches)
4. If the hub goes down everything goes down, none of the devices can work without the hub
5. Hub requires more resources and regular maintenance because it's the central system of Star
6. Extra hardware is required (hubs or switches) which adds to the cost
7. Performance is based on the capacity of the hub/switch

Advantages of III (Ring Topology)

1. Data flows in one direction which reduces the chance of packet collisions/Minimum collision
2. Additional workstations can be added after without impacting performance of the network
3. There is equal access to the resources
4. There is no need of server to control the connectivity among the nodes in the topology
5. It is cheap to install and expand
6. Speed to transfer the data is very high
7. Due to the presence of token passing, the performance of ring topology becomes better than bus topology under heavy traffic
8. It is easy to manage

Disadvantages of III (Ring Topology)

1. Due to the Uni-directional Ring, a data packet (token) must have to pass through all the nodes
2. If one workstation shuts down, it affects whole network or if a node goes down entire network goes down
3. It is slower in performance as compared to the bus topology
4. It is Expensive
5. Addition and removal of any node during a network is difficult and may cause issue in network activity
6. Difficult to troubleshoot the ring
7. In order for all the computer to communicate with each other, all computer must be turned on

Advantages of IV (Mesh Topology)

1. Failure during a single device won't break the network
2. There is no traffic problem as there is a dedicated point to point links for every computer
3. Fault identification is straightforward
4. It provides multiple paths to succeed in the destination and tons of redundancy
5. It provides high privacy and security
6. Data transmission is more consistent because failure doesn't disrupt its processes
7. Adding new devices won't disrupt data transmissions
8. It has robust/strong/tough/powerful features to beat any situation
9. It doesn't have a centralized authority

Disadvantages of IV (Mesh Topology)

1. It's costly as compared to the opposite network topologies i.e. star, bus, ring.
2. Installation is extremely difficult
3. Power requirement is higher as all the nodes will need to remain active all the time and share the load
4. Is a complex process
5. There is a high risk of redundant connections
6. Each node requires a further utility cost to think about
7. It is difficult to maintain

(e)

Key hardware for setting up network topology

1. Server
2. Client
3. Hub
4. Switch
5. Network cable
6. Router
7. Repeater

(a)

Computer network is a set of computers connected together for the purpose of sharing resources.

OR

Computer network is a set of connected computers on a network called nodes.

(b)

Types of computer networks

1. Personal area network (PAN)

Personal area network (PAN) connects electronic devices within a user's immediate area.

The size of a PAN ranges from a few centimeters to a few meters.

One of the most common real-world examples of a PAN is the connection between a Bluetooth earpiece and a smartphone.

2. Local Area Network (LAN)

A local area network (LAN) is a collection of devices connected together in one physical location, such as a building, office, or home.

A LAN can be small or large, ranging from a home network with one user to an enterprise network with thousands of users and devices in an office or school.

A LAN connects devices that are in a single, limited area.

There are two types of LAN, Client/Server LAN and Peer-to-pear LAN

The client/server LAN consists of several devices such as computer, tablet, etc. (the client) connected to a central server. The server manages file storage, printer access and network traffic.

The clients connect to the server either with a cable or wireless connection.

The peer-to-peer (P2P) is a network architecture where devices or nodes share resources and services directly without centralized control (server).

3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

A metropolitan area network (MAN) connects local networks across a larger geographical region.

4. Wide Area Network (WAN)

WAN is a network that exists over a large-scale geographical area. A WAN connects different smaller networks including Local Area Network (LAN) and Metropolitan Area Network (MAN). The largest WAN is the internet.

5. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

A wireless local area network (WLAN) is a group of computers or other devices that form a network based on radio transmissions rather than wired connections over short distances. A Wi-Fi network is a type of WLAN.

6. Inernet

The internet is a global wide area network that connects computer systems across the world.

(c)

Benefits of using computer networks

1. It enhances communication and sharing of information
2. It allows multiple users to share resources such as printers, scanners, and storage devices
3. It provides centralized management of data, providing a single point of control for backup, storage, and security. This simplifies management and reduces the risk of data loss or corruption
4. It enables users to access resources and data from remote locations, facilitating telecommuting, remote work, and other flexible work arrangements
5. It can be used to automate processes and workflows, increasing productivity and reducing errors
6. It enables enhanced security measures such as firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and encryption
7. It reduces costs by sharing resources, reducing hardware and software requirements, and simplifying management and maintenance
8. It can be used to improve customer service by enabling faster response times and more personalized interactions
9. It can be used to monitor and control systems and processes in real-time

(d)

Challenges of using computer networks

1. The cost of set-up is high/expensive
2. It posses security difficulties
3. It promotes the spread of computer viruses and malware
4. Slow Connectivity
5. It is difficult to monitor and expensive to maintain

(a)

(b)

Computer programming languages

1. Python
2. Java
3. PHP
4. C
5. C# (C sharp)
6. C++
7. JavaScript
8. SQL
9. Go
10. Dart
11. Swift
12. Kotlin
13. MATLAB
14. R
16. Rust
17. Ruby
18. Scala

(c)

(d)

(a)

(b)

Steps to search on the internet

1. Make sure you are connected to the internet
2. Launch a web browser such as Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Apple Safari, Opera
3. In the address bar, type the domain of the search engine e.g google.com, ask.com, yahoo.com, bing.com,duckduckgo.com, startpage.com,swisscows.com,yandex.com etc.
4. Press the Enter key on the keyboard
5. Type one or more keywords/search terms
6. Press the Enter on the keyboard
7. Click or tap a result to view it/right-click on a result and select "Open link in new tab"/right-click on a result and select "Open link in new window"
8. Document/write down the findings

(c)