(i)

Appreciation or appraisal refers to the analyzing of an artwork by audiences to improve their enjoyment of such works of art.

(ii)

Ways to appreciate one's artwork

1. Describe the artwork by using the elements and principles of art

2. Talk about what you see and how you feel about the artwork

3. Talk about the material used, tools, process, design, composition

4. Look at how the artist uses color to evoke a mood or feeling

5. Pay attention to how the artist uses texture and brush strokes in their piece

6. Talk about the meaning of the artwork, function and its relation to culture

7. Identify the artwork. The title, artist name, date, size of work and location of artwork

8. Do not say bad things about the other student's artwork

(iii)

Importance of artwork appreciation

1. It sharpens our critical thinking skills
2. It cultivates empathy for diverse experiences
3. It provides a valuable historical perspective into different cultures and societies
4. It can broaden our mindsets
5. It enables the artist to improve his/her work
6. The audience may buy some of the artwork exhibited

(i)

Characteristics of line

1. Length

Lines can be short or long, and their length can convey a sense of scale, distance, or prominence within the composition.

2. Width

Lines can vary in thickness, from very thin and delicate to bold and thick. Line width can influence the visual weight of an object or element.

3. Direction

Lines can be horizontal, vertical, diagonal, curved, or zigzag. The direction of a line can convey movement, stability, or energy.

4. Shape

Lines can create shapes and forms within an artwork. Geometric shapes are often composed of straight lines, while organic shapes are formed by curved or irregular lines.

5. Texture

Lines can have varying textures, from smooth and clean to rough and textured. Texture in lines can add depth and tactile qualities to an artwork.

6. Color

Lines can be monochromatic or multicolored. The choice of color can evoke different emotions and moods.

7. Spacing

The spacing between lines, known as line spacing or intervals, can affect the sense of rhythm and pattern in an artwork.

8. Weight and Pressure

In media like drawing, the weight and pressure applied to a line can create variations in line thickness and intensity.

9. Contour

Contour lines are often used to define the edges of objects or figures in a drawing. They can be used to create a sense of volume and form.

10. Gesture

Line quality can convey the artist's gesture or movement. Quick, gestural lines may suggest spontaneity, while precise lines can indicate careful planning.

11. Implied Lines

Some lines are not explicitly drawn but are implied by the arrangement of objects or shapes in the composition. For example, an artist can imply a line by aligning the edges of two objects.

12. Expressiveness/Feeling

Lines can be used to express emotions, energy, or mood. Jagged, chaotic lines may convey tension, while smooth, flowing lines can evoke calmness.

13. Symbolism

Lines can carry symbolic meaning in art. For example, vertical lines may symbolize strength and stability, while diagonal lines can suggest movement or instability.

(ii)

Types of lines

(iii)

Examples of line in nature

1. Tree branches and leaves

The branching patterns of trees and the veins within leaves create intricate lines.

2. Waterways

Rivers, streams, and coastlines form lines that define the landscape.

3. Mountains and hills

The edges of mountain ranges and hills create lines that define the land's contours.

4. Clouds

The shape and movement of clouds can create linear patterns in the sky.

5. Sunlight

The rays of the sun can create lines of light on the ground or through the trees.

6. Cracks and fissures

Cracks in rocks, soil, or ice can form linear patterns.

7. Animal patterns

The stripes of a zebra or the patterns on a butterfly's wings are examples of natural lines.

8. Plant stems and stalks

The stems and stalks of plants can create vertical lines.

9. Sand dunes

The ridges of sand dunes can form linear patterns.

10. Geese/birds flying in linear formation

(iv)

Uses of line

Line can be used to suggest:

1. Shape
2. Pattern
3. Form
4. Structure
5. Growth
6. Depth
7. Distance
8. Rhythm
9. Movement
10. Emotions
11. Direction

(i)

Classification of colours

1. Primary Colors

These are the fundamental colors that cannot be created by mixing other colors

Examples: red, yellow, and blue

2. Secondary Colors

These colors are formed by mixing two primary colors in equal proportions

Examples: Orange (Red + Yellow), Purple or Violet (Red + Blue), Green (Blue + Yellow)

3. Tertiary/Intermediate Colors

These colors are formed by mixing a primary color with a neighboring secondary color.

Examples: Red-Orange (Red + Orange), Yellow-Orange (Yellow + Orange), Yellow-Green (Yellow + Green), Blue-Green (Blue + Green) , Blue-Violet (Blue + Violet), Red-Violet (Red + Violet)

(ii)

Colours and their emotional meaning

1. Red

For love, anger, danger, anxiety, power, strength, romantic attraction

2. Yellow

For wealth, hope, happiness, quick thinking, caution, deception, riches, royalty

3. Blue

For calmness, wisdom, loyalty, peace, honesty, love, serenity

4. Green

For Natural, cool, growth, fertility, good health, wealth, life, goodness, youth, fresh

5. Orange

For happiness, energetic, excitement, extrovert, adventure, creativity

6. Purple/Violet

For royalty, wealth, wisdom, compassion, spirituality

7. Indigo

For intuition, wisdom, deep spiritual awareness

8. Pink

For immaturity, femininity, romance

9. Black

For intimidation, authority, sophistication, mystery, death, power

10. White

For simplicity, emptiness, purity, hope, cleanliness, goodness, victory

11. Brown

For stability, wisdom, protection, rottenness, earth, decay

12. Gray

For neutrality, balance, detachment from material concerns

13. Gold

For illumination, enlightenment, spiritual wealth

14. Silver

For purity, intuition, feminine energy, female royalty

(iii)

Uses of colours

1. Conveying emotions and moods
2. Guiding the viewer's Eye
3. Creating depth and dimension
4. Conveys ideas/meaning
5. Used as symbol or cultural associations
6. Creating contrast

(i)

GCE

OR

Note:

GCE → second line from bottom (G), third space from bottom (C) and first line or fourth space from bottom (E)

(ii)

ADD

Note:

ADD → second space from bottom (A), fourth line from bottom (D) and fourth line from bottom (D)

(iii)

GAF

OR

Note:

GAF → second line from bottom (G), second space from bottom (A) and fifth line or first space from bottom (F)

(i)

Chord II → Re, Fa, La

(ii)

Chord III → Mi, Sol , Ti

(iii)

Chord VII → Ti, Re, Fa

(i)

allegro → Fast

(ii)

poco a poco → little by little/gradually

(iii)

largo → Slowly and broadly

(i)

J.H.K Nketia

1. Joseph Hanson Kwabena Nketia was born June 22, 1921 at Mampong in the Ashanti region

2. He received his musical education and trained as a teacher at the Presbyterian Training College, Akropong Akwapam

3. He went abroad at the age of 23 to study for a certificate of phonetics at the School of Oriental and African studies in the University of London

4. He later went to Birkeck College, University of London and Trinity College to obtain his Bachelor of Arts degree

5. In 1958 he went to the United States where he attended Columbia University, Jullard School of Music and North-western University to do courses in musicology and composition

6. He returned to Ghana and worked at the University of Ghana

7. He was a professor of music at UCLA and the University of Pittsburgh, and lectured in many prestigious universities worldwide

8. He introduced the use of the easier-to-read 6/8 time signature as an alternative to the use of duple (2/4) time signature

9. He composed for both Western and African instruments, and wrote more than 200 publications, including his world-acclaimed The Music of Africa, which was translated into German, Italian, Chinese, and Japanese

10. His musical compositions include:

(a) Adanse Kronkron
(b) Morbid Asem
(c) Monna N'Ase
(d) Monkafo No.
(e) Yaanom Montie
(f) Onipa Dasani Nni Aye
(g) Onipa Beyee Bi
(h) Yiadom Heneba
(i) Mekae Na Woantie
(j) Maforo Pata Hunu
(k) Obarima Nifahene
(l) Asuo Meresen
(m) Builsa Work Song
(n) Dagarti Work Song
(o) At the Cross Roads
(p) Owora
(q) Volta Fantasy
(r) Contemplation

(ii)

Amakye Dede

1. Dan Amakye Dede was born on 5 January 1954 in Agogo, Asante Akim.

2. He is a Ghanaian high-life musician.

3. He attended Agogo Roman School.

4. His genre of music is high-life

5. He began his career in 1973 when he joined the Kumapim Royals as a composer and a vocalist.

6. This band, led by Akwasi Ampofo Agyei (AAA), had hits such as "Abebi Bewua Eso", "Wanware Me A", "Odo Mani Agyina", and the seminal "Ohohoo Batani".

7. He moved to Nigeria, where he had his hit "Jealousy go shame".

8. He then formed his own band, the Apollo High Kings, in 1980.

9. He dominated the high-life scene in the 1980s and 1990s and has continued to have hit songs in the 21st century.

10. He has headlined so many concerts locally and internationally.

11. He made almost 20 albums.

12. In his later career, he experimented with different genres: soca, calypso, lovers rock and pop music.

13. He is best known for classic songs and his popular songs include:

(a) "Jealousy go shame"
(b) "Dabi Dabi Ebeye Yie"
(c) "Akwadaa Wesoa"
(d) "Iron Boy"
(e) "Handkerchief"
(f) "Seniwa"
(g) "Brebrebe yi"
(h) "Mensuro"
(i) "Mabre"
(j) "Broken Promises"
(k) "Nsuo Amuna"
(l) "Sokoo na mmaa pe"
(m) "Kose kose"
(n) "Mefre wo"
(o) "Okyena sesei"
(p) "Odo nfonii"
(q) "Nka akyi"
(r) "M'ani agyina"
(s) "To be a man na war"

(iii)

Shatta Walle

1. Charles Nii Armah Mensah Jr. was born 17 October 1987 in Accra

2. He is a Ghanaian reggae-dancehall artist.

3. He is known by his stage name Shatta Wale, formerly Bandana.

4. He changed his name to "Bandana" after senior high school and released the hit track "Bandana from Ghana".

5. The song made tremendous air waves in the Ghanaian music industry in 2004.

6. His sudden rise to the occasion happened in 2013 VGMA awards when he threw lyrical insults to VGMA now Telecel Ghana Music Awards ( TGMA)". because he proclaimed they robbed him of the Dancehall artist of the year to a female Dancehall artist Kaakie.

7. Even though the song had vulgar lyrics, it was so anticipated by the media which created his musical breakthrough.

8. His greatest song hit in 2013, Dancehall king took the airwaves by surprise.

9. His musical revenue is mostly generated through hosting shows, which attract thousands of Ghanaian youths.

10. His best-known singles are "Dancehall King", "My Level" and "Taking Over".

11. His genres of music are highlife, hip life, reggae, dancehall, Afrobeats

12. He is also known for "Already" from Beyoncé's The Lion King: The Gift, which also featured Major Lazer.

13. His song "Dancehall King" earned him the Artiste of the Year at the 2014 edition of the Vodafone Ghana Music Awards.

14. In 2014, he peaked to number 38 on E.tv's "Top 100 Most Influential Ghanaian" Awards chart.

15. He has since then appeared on the chart every year. He was ranked "Most Influential Musician" on social media in 2017.

16. He made a record-setting as a dancehall artist to have won 11 awards at the 2019 3 Music Awards ceremony

17. He was the first Ghanaian to organize a digital concert on YouTube which was dubbed the Faith Concert. The concert was organized to bring hope to Ghanaians and his global audience at large during the fight against COVID-19 pandemic

(i)

Mohammed Ben Abdallah

1. He was born 1 January, 1944 in Kumasi

2. He earned a Certificate in Drama & Theatre Studies (1970) and a diploma & Theatre Studies (1972) from the University of Ghana

3. He earned his M.F.A in Theatre Arts in 1976 and later a Ph.D in Theatre Arts in 1980

4. He is a Ghanaian playwright, "the major Ghanaian playwright of his generation"

5. He is the director and founder of the Legon Road theatre

6. He became head of School of Performing Arts at the University of Ghana in 2003

7. His works portray postcolonial drama that integrates both indigenous and European themes relevant in contemporary African societies

8. His first book, The Slaves, became the foremost non-American dramatic play to win the Randolph Edmund's Award of the National Association for Speech and Dramatic Arts.

9. Some of his other notable work include:

(a) The Fall of Kumbi
(b) The Alien King
(c) The Trial of Mallam Ilya and Other Plays
(d) Land of A Million Magicians

10. He is not only a maestro in Theatre Arts but as a catalyst for societal transformation.

(ii)

Uncle Ebo White

1. He was born 20 July 1954 in South Suntreso, Kumasi in Ghana to a feisty fishmonger mother, Baaba Esama and ex-boxer father, Mr. Whyte

2. He attended the Osu Presby Senior High School and the University of Ghana where he studied to become a Statistician.

3. His introduction to theatre in secondary school, was by accident.

4. He recounts that whilst observing his school drama club rehearsing a play, he inadvertently memorized the lines and when the cast for the main character failed to turn up for rehearsals, he stepped in and got the role.

5. From then on, his interest was piqued. Throughout the early years of his career, theatre was treated as a hobby.

6. He is a Ghanaian playwright, author and motivational speaker.

7. He is the artistic director and lead writer at Roverman Productions and has written and directed many plays for stage since 2008.

8. His plays include:

(a) Not My Husband
(b) The Day Dad Came
(c) Unhappy Wives Confused Husbands
(d) Dear God Comma
(e) Rejected
(f) Dora Why
(g) Blackmail

9. He is also the author of the Rover Monthly Report, an inspirational magazine and has written two novels:

(a) The Deal
(b) The Perfect Couple

10. He started his career as an artistic director with a theatre group which performed in schools and churches in 1974.

11. However, the biggest challenge for him was his transition to commercial theatre in the late 90s which led him to abandon his certificates to challenge himself.

(iii)

Efua Sutherland

1. She was born born 27 June 1924 as Efua Theodora Morgue in Cape Coast

2. She studied teaching at St Monica's Training College in Mampong

3. She then went to England to continue her education, earning a BA degree at Homerton College, Cambridge University

4. She studied linguistics at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London.

5. Returning to Ghana in 1951, she taught first at Fijai Secondary School at Sekondi, then at St. Monica's School

6. She began writing for children when she returned to Ghana

7. She began writing because of the problem of literature in Ghana at that time

8. She got angry about the kind of literature that the children were being forced into because it had nothing to do with their environment, their social circumstances or anything so she started writing

9. In 1954, she married Bill Sutherland hence her name changed to Efua Sutherland

10. She was a Ghanaian playwright, director, dramatist, children's author, poet, educationalist, researcher, child advocate, and cultural activist.

11. Her works include the plays:

(a) Foriwa,
(b) Edufa (1967)
(c) The Marriage of Anansewa

12. She founded the Ghana Drama Studio,the Ghana Society of Writers, the Ghana Experimental Theatre, and a community project called the Kodzidan (Story House).

13. As Ghana's earliest playwright-director, she was an influential figure in the development of modern Ghanaian theatre, and helped to introduce the study of African performance traditions at university level.

14. She was also a pioneering African publisher, establishing the company Afram Publications in Accra in the 1970s.

15. She secured a 12-acre space in central Accra reserved as a children's park in central Accra through the advocacy of Efua Sutherland and it is named after her.

(i)

Facial expression are the movements and positions of facial muscles that conveys an emotion that tells us about the character and the way they react to situations.

A facial expression can convey the character's true feelings. It includes smiling, frowning, eye rolling, making eye contact, scowling and appearing bored or interested.

(ii)

The basic parts of the performance space

1. Stage

The primary area where the performance takes place.

2. Upstage

The area furthest from the audience.

3. Downstage

The area closest to the audience

4. Stage Left/Right

The areas to the performer's left and right when facing the audience.

5. Center Stage

The center of the playing area.

6. Proscenium Arch

The frame around the stage, often seen in traditional theaters.

7. Apron

The part of the stage that extends beyond the proscenium arch, closer to the audience.

8. Wings

The areas on either side of the stage, out of view of the audience, used for storing props, costumes, and for performers to wait before entering.

9. Backstage

The area behind the stage, where performers get ready and where technical equipment is located.

10. Orchestra Pit

A space in front of the stage, often below the floor, where musicians can play.

(i)

Ballad songs are often narrative songs which tells a story. It could be romantic or portray other emotions as well.

(ii)

A verse of a song is the part of the song where lyrics tend to vary every time as opposed to a chorus which mostly repeats the same set of lyrics whenever it's played.

It is part of the song form that propels the narrative forward. It provides the listener with more depth and understanding about the song. It exists primary to support the chorus.

(iii)

A bridge in a song is a musical passage that connects two sections of a song. It often connects the verse to the chorus of a song. It can be seen as a transitional section.