(a)

Difference between bribery and corruption

Bribery is where a person influences another person especially an authority with favours or gifts in return for private gains. But/while/ however/ whereas/on the other hand, Corruption is where a person uses his or her position in society for personal gains Or Corruption is a situation where a person acts dishonestly or illegally in return for personal gains.

(b)

Causes of bribery and corruption

1. Get-rich-quick attitude
2. Low wages and salaries
3. Excessive/high dependency ratio
4. Greed
5. Inadequate supervision at work places etc.

(c)

Corrupt practices within the society

1. Over-invoicing: where people inflate the prices of things they buy for their organizations for personal gains

2. Embezzlement of funds: people spend their organizational money dishonestly

3. Use of ghost names: officials include names of non-existing or unqualified people on pay vouchers and claim the money for their personal use

4. Smuggling: where people use unapproved methods to bring goods into the country or send goods to other countries

5. Tax evasion: where people avoid paying of taxes to make more money for themselves

6. Under declaration of profit: some officials of organizations declare lower profits to avoid paying the correct taxes to the government

7. Giving and acceptance of bribes

8. Fraud in awarding contracts: where the unqualified person pays some money to be given the contract

9. Extortion: where officials use dubious means to exploit money from people for their personal gains

10. Nepotism/Favouritism: favouring relatives, friends, or associates, especially by giving them jobs.

(d)

Effects of bribery and corruption on the society

1. It leads to diversion of public funds and retards government efforts for development
2. It leads to execution of shoddy or poor standard of work
3. It leads to inefficiency and low productivity
4. It leads to overstaffing
5. It leads to employment of unqualified people leaving qualified people unemployed
6. It tarnishes the image of the country before the international community
7. It affects revenue generation for the government
8. It creates unfavourable business environment
9. It undermines the rule of law
10. It increases cost of doing business
11. It creates conflict and misunderstanding among individuals
12. It widens the gap between the rich and the poor
13. It increases crime

(e)

Moral values to address bribery and corruption on the society

1. Leadership by example
2. Blend moral and academic training as a basis to employ workers
3. Be content with what you have honestly earned
4. Proverb: Good name is better than riches

(a)

(b)

Good deeds that will merit commendation

1. Running errands free of charge
2. Helping the aged and physically challenged to cross lorry roads.
3. Reporting criminals to the authorities or the police.
4. Helping to teach someone something he or she does not know
5. Participating in communal labour and general environmental cleanliness
6. Protecting social amenities and properties
7. Supporting the poor and the needy
8. Appreciating and being grateful
9. Obedience to rules and regulations

(c)

Types of rewards that go with good deeds

1. Praise/Applause: Words that show approval for something / Encouraging words
2. Recommendation: Verbal or written notices showing how good someone is and therefore should be helped when in need
3. A good testimonial which is an account of an individual's character, academic performance, conduct and behavior.
4. Certificates: An official document which gives credence to facts about how a person qualifies or is capable of achieving something.
5. Awards: These include cash prices, books, scholarships, citations etc. Which is given to an individual in appreciation for hard work.
6. Trophies and medals: In some sports and other competitions, successful and disciplined winners are given medal in appreciation for their efforts.
7. Promotions to higher classes or grades for excellent or outstanding deeds.
8. Smiles: To look cheerful to somebody to show one's love
9. Pat on the back/shoulder/handshake to show one's love
10. Citation/complementary cards: An official statement about something special that somebody has done, etc.
11. Say "thank you", "God bless you", etc. to show one's gratitude
12. Money/Gifts: Something which is given to somebody especially on special occasions as present

(d)

Benefits of rewarding people

1. It encourages the individual to do more good deeds
2. It ensures hard work, dedication, commitment and selflessness
3. It encourages other persons in society -to emulate the performance of good deeds, etc.

(a)

Religious songs are songs sung in the various religions with elements and expressions based on their beliefs and faith. The goals of religious songs may be for praises, invocations, consolation, communication, worship to the Supreme Being, etc.

(b)

Characteristics of religious songs

1. Expres religious beliefs
2.Draw worshippers to God
3. Give hope to the hopeless

(c)

Moral lessons that can be learnt from religious songs

1. They teach people to be law-abiding
2. They encourage human beings
3. They bring joy/for entertainment/recreation
4. Words in some of them caution us to refrain from evil and its consequences
5. They criticize us when we are wrong
6. They teach us to acknowledge God/the Supreme Being
7. They teach us to be God fearing and obedient
8. They teach us to be patient and endure difficult times
9. They tell stories from generation to generation
10. They encourage and console bereaved families
11. They hoot at and control unacceptable behaviours in societies
12. They trace the beliefs, history and background of a community or an individual
13. They honour the dead
14. They praise and hail chiefs

(d)

Difference between religious songs and non-religious songs

Religious songs are music that express the belief of worshippers and their dependence on God or the Supreme being while non-religious songs deals with social, political and economic matters.

(a)

Greeting is the expression of friendly or welcoming words to people on meeting.

(b)

Forms of greetings in the community

1. Verbal expression
2. Bowing
3. Waving
4. Saluting
5. Handshake
6. Hugging
7. Lying prostrate on the ground (face down)
8. Squatting
9. Greetings associated with one's job
10. Greeting someone while he is eating
11. Greetings associated with one's tribe/religion
12. Greetings associated with occasions e.g. Christmas, Easter, etc.
13. Greetings associated with sex (male or female)
14. Greetings associated with one's position/status

(c)

Factors to consider when greeting

1. Time of day
2. Sex
3. Status
4. Age

(d)

Moral benefits that can be derived from greeting

1. To meet cultural expectations
2. To shows that the person is respectful, disciplined and humble
3. It is a sign of good training, upbringing and being cultured
4. It brings peace and unity among people
5. It promotes friendship and good relationship between people living in a community
6. It attracts the good will of the whole community
7. It paves the way for help from people
8. It attracts blessings from God and elders
9. Correct greetings remove fear and suspicion between people
10. It is a social responsibility and expected cultural practice
11. It helps to start conversation
12. It is a means to show respect to others
13. It creates tolerance
14. It gradually erodes hatred and enmity between people
15. It creates opportunity to socialize

(a)

Creation means to bring something which does not exist into existence.

The story of creation in the Bible

First day: God created heaven and earth filled with darkness. He separated the light, which He called day from the darkness which He called night
Second day: He created the sky among the water on the earth. He used the sky to divide the waters above the sky and below it
Third day: He gathered the waters below the sky and called it the seas and there was a dry land called earth which He made plants of all kinds to grow on
Fourth day: He created the sun, moon and stars that produce light to control the days and nights, seasons and years. The sun for the day and the moon and stars for the night
Fifth day: He created the birds, all the winged animals and animals in the seas and blessed them to reproduce their kinds
Sixth day: He created other animals that were not created on the fifth day and created human being male and female and gave them dominion over all that He created and blessed them to reproduce and fill the earth
Seventh day: He rested after seeing that all He created was good

(b)

Creation story according to the Qur'an

1. The Qur'an states that Allah created the world and everything in it in six days
2. Creation was by divine command, God said "be and it was"
3. Allah created the moon and the sun to give light during the day and night
4. Allah created heaven and earth so that man can know His power and majesty
5. According to the Qur'an, humankind was created in stages/step by step/gradually/systematically
6. Humankind was created from the mixture of male and female seminal fluid/secretions (Q53:45-46). Adam was the first man to be created, followed by Hawa
7. After fertilization, the resulting organism settles in the mother's uterus like a seed (Q53:45-46)
8. Humankind's creation through reproduction began with the delivery of Hawa (Eve), the wife of Adam of their first set of twins
9. Thus humankind was created in stages
The formation stages are 'nutfa' (sperm) → 'alaqa' (clot) → 'mudagha' (flesh) → 'adaam' (bones) → dressing with muscles
10. Adulthood and old age stage - child, adult, old person
11. Humankind was created in the best of form
12. The creation of humankind shows how powerful Allah is
13. In this way there will always be humankind on earth till the end of time
14. Allah created out of nothing
15. Allah created the universe through His wisdom and goodness

(c)

Akan African traditional story on creation

Akan traditionalists believe that God (Onyankopon) created all things in the definite order.

1. God first created the Court Crier (Essen). He represents order
2. He then created the earth and plants. He made they sky, the rivers and plants in that order. He made animals and all other living things
3. Next to be created was human being to feed on both plants and animals
4. They believe because God wanted human beings to be protected, he created the spirits. These spirits are believe to live in the forests, water bodies and on mountains
5. He then created the drummer (okyerema) who represents knowledge
6. He finally created death. Thus the institution of the fact that death is the end of life on earth

Dagomba traditional story of creation

1. To the Dagomba, the Supreme Being (Nawuni) is the creator of the heavens and the earth and all the living things in it
2. The Dagomba believe that Nawuni is Omnipotent,Omniscient and Omnipresent, and has no partner
3. They believe Nawuni took six days to create the world and all creatures
4. The things created by Nawuni include: human beings, the sky, animals, vegetation,water bodies, etc.
5. Apart from human beings, Nawuni created spirit forces and lesser gods (bola) as his messengers
6. The lesser gods were created to act as intermediaries between Him and human beings
7. After six days of creation, Nawuni rested on the seventh day
8. Nawuni gave laws and principles to humankind to avoid sin
9. Nawuni is celebrated by the Dagomba especially during the New Yam season
10. During the season, the Dagomba express their thanks to Nawuni for bumper harvest and also recognise Him as the creator of the heavens and earth

Ewe traditional myth on creation

The Ewe traditionalist believes that God (Mawu) created all things in the world.

1. It is believed that before creation, the earth was void, without form and was filled with darkness
2. God then created human being out of clay and water after creating the earth
3. He created the soul to give man lfe and to act as a guardian spirit. The soul of every human being was commanded to return to God after death to receive either a reward or punishment, depending on the life one lived on earth
4. It is also believed by the Ewe tradition that after some time, God could not create any more human beings because of scarcity of clay, therefore he used dead bodies to create new ones, thus the resemblance of children to their parents
5. It is also believed that because of disturbances and troubles from human beings, God moved up into the sky
6. After His departure, he sent his elder son, Lisa with a sword to clear the forest and make tools. God used those tools made by Lisa to divide the world among His sons
7. One was to control the sky. Thus the thunder and light
8. Another was to control all His creatures.
9. The beasts, the birds and trees were to be controlled by some of His sons

(d)