(i)

Disaster is the occurrence of natural/artificial hazardous event; that normally results into death, injuries, damage and loss of life property

2 marks

(ii)

Types of natural disasters

1. Flood/Tsunamis
2. Fire/wildfire/volcanic eruption
3. Pest invasion
4. Tornados/storm/hurricane
5. Famine
6. Earthquake
7. Drought
8. Landslide
9. Epidemic
10. Sea erosion
11. Desert encroachment

Note: a natural disaster is the occurrence of natural hazardous event; that normally results into death, injuries, damage and loss of life property

Any 3 x 1 mark = 3 marks

(iii)

Human activities that affect the environment

1. Pouring/releasing industrial toxic wastes into water bodies
2. Bush burning/burning of refuse/overgrazing/deforestation
3. Releasing smoke from factories/vehicles/generators
4. Dumping of refuse into water bodies
5. Fishing with toxic chemicals e.g gamaline
6. Depositing sewage into water bodies
7. Mining activities performed by man/named
8. Noise pollution
9. planting of trees to stop desert encroachment
10. provision of waste/sewage disposal facilities
11. proper channelization to prevent floods and soil erosion
12. oil spillage
13. construction of embarkment to prevent sea erosion/flooding

Any 3 x 1 mark = 3 marks

(iv)

Ways to manage disasters

1. Early warning systems
2. Preparedness and training of personnel
3. Emergency response plans
4. Public education and awareness campaigns
5. Infrastructure development to withstand disasters
6. International cooperation and aid
7. Environmental conservation and sustainable practices

Any 2 x 1 mark = 2 marks

(i)

Adolescent chastity is the state of total abstinence from sexually related activities by an adolescent until marriage. These sexually related activities include masturbation, kissing and oral sex.

2 marks

(ii)

Benefits of chastity to the adolescent

1. It prevents sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) such as HIV/AIDS, gonorrhea, syphilis, etc.
2. It brings respect and honour to the adolescent as it is one of the cherished values in Ghana
3. It prevents early pregnancy and childbearing which may lead to school dropout and early marriage
4. It enables the adolescent to focus on his/her education and career development without distractions to realize his/her educational and career goals
5. An adolescent girl who preserves her virginity until marriage is likely to win the trust of her husband and enjoy a happy and stable marriage
6. Adolescent who practice chastity are able to prepare well before entering into marriage and are likely to have parental love and care for their children and perform their role as responsible mother
7. Adolescent who abstain from sexual related activities are able to avoid social stigma and discrimination associated with early pregnancy, STDs and HIV/AIDS
8. It prevents unwanted pregnancies and the associated health risks and complications such as unsafe abortion, maternal mortality and morbidity, etc.

Any 4 x 2 mark = 8 marks

(i)

Conflict management refers to the various methods adopted to reduce tension during periods of conflict or serious disagreement to facilitate resolution and maintain peace in society

4 marks

(ii)

Sources of conflict in the society

1. Land disputes
2. Chieftaincy disputes and struggle for power
3. Religious differences/intolerance
4. Discrimination
5. Display of ethnocentric tendencies
6. Political differences
7. Stereotyping and prejudice
8. Greed/dishonesty
9. Bad governance and corruption
10. Unemployment and poverty
11. Poor communication and misunderstanding
12. Injustice

Any 3 x 1 mark = 3 marks

(iii)

Conditions needed to prevent conflict in the society

1. Tolerance
2. Right conduct and behavior
3. Justice and fairness
4. Respect for human rights
5. Compromise
6. Forgiveness
7. Consensus building
8. Efficient law enforcement system
9. Good governance and accountability
10. Effective communication and dialogue
11. Discouragement of ethnocentrism and promotion of national unity

Any 3 x 1 mark = 3 marks

(i)

Family refers to a group of people who are related by kinship ties through marriage, birth, blood or adoption.

2 marks

(ii)

The role of the family in the Ghanaian society

1. It is the primary agency of socialization that transmits the culture, beliefs and values of the society to its members to become productive and socially responsible.

2. It plays a role to perpetuate a society biologically through the process of procreation

3. It provides physiological needs of its members such as food, shelter, clothing and medical care

4. It provides security and protection to its members

5. It creates a conducive atmosphere for members to build self-confidence, self-respect and positive image to perform effectively at workplaces, school and in the society

6. It provides occupational training and skills to its members

7. It ensures the maintenance of law and order in the society

8. It provides emotional support and care to its members

9. It provides identity to its members for easy recognition in the society through the family names and other personality traits

10. It provides domestic training to its members as members acquire skills in household management and other domestic responsibilities

Any 4 x 2 marks = 8 marks

(i)

Human resource is the size of the mental and physical abilities of a country's population. It includes human skills, capabilities, talents, knowledge, experiences, strengths, etc. provided by a country's population for the management of affaiirs in the country's institutions and organizations. It covers both the skilled and unskilled manpower that a country possesses.

4 marks

(ii)

Problems of human resource development in Ghana

1. Inadequate employment opportunities for skilled and unskilled workers

2. Inadequate training and retraining opportunities for workers

3. Poor quality of education and training facilities

4. Inadequate capital to start business

5. Fear of taking risks in business

6. Limited market size for products

7. Ineffective initiative and creativity among workers

8. Inadequate motivation and incentives for workers

9. Ineffective supervision and management of workers

10. Health problems among workers

11. Low level of education/high level of illiteracy rate

12. Inadequate technical and vocational skills

13. Availability of greener pastures elsewhere (Brain drain)

14. Politcal interference from government and state officials in the running of public services

15. Putting square pegs in round holes (misplacement of human resources)/putting unqualified people at certain job opportunities

Any 3 x 1 mark = 3 marks

(iii)

Solutions to the problems facing human resource development in Ghana

1. Create more employment opportunities for skilled and unskilled workers

2. Provide more training and retraining opportunities for workers

3. Improve the quality of education and training facilities

4. Provide adequate capital to start businesses

5. Encourage risk-taking in business

6. Expand market size for products

7. Promote initiative and creativity among workers

8. Provide adequate motivation and incentives for workers

9. Improve supervision and management of workers

10. Address health problems among workers

11. Improve the level of education and reduce illiteracy rate

12. Develop technical and vocational skills among workers

13. Retain skilled manpower within Ghana (reduce brain drain)

14. Minimize political interference in public services management

15. Put qualified people in appropriate positions

Any 3 x 1 mark = 3 marks

(i)

Tourism is the act of travelling to new places to see sceneries and enjoy facilities there while leisure means taking time off one's normal duties for relaxation, games or rest. Thus a leisure is the time during which one has no obligations or work responsibilities and therefore is free to engage in enjoyable activities.

1 mark

(ii)

Tourist sites in Ghana

1. Cape Coast Castle → Cape Coast, Central Region
2. Elmina Castle → Elmina, Central Region
3. Kakum National Park → Abrafo, Central Region
4. Wli Waterfalls → Hohoe, Volta Region
5. Mole National Park → West Gonja, Northern Region
6. Lake Volta → Akosombo, Eastern Region
7. Boti Falls → Huhunya, Eastern Region
8. Aburi Botanical Gardens → Aburi, Eastern Region
9. Nzulezu Stilt Village → Elubo, Western Region
10. Larabanga Mosque → Larabanga, Northern Region
11. Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary → Boabeng-Fiema, Brong Ahafo Region
12. Paga Crocodile Pond → Paga, Upper East Region
13. Kwame Nkrumah Mausoleum → Accra, Greater Accra Region
14. National Museum of Ghana → Accra, Greater Accra Region
15. W.E.B. Du Bois Center → Accra, Greater Accra Region
16. Ussher Fort → Accra, Greater Accra Region
17. Shai Hills Resource Reserve → Dodowa, Greater Accra Region
18. Tafi Atome Monkey Sanctuary → Tafi Atome, Volta Region
19. Lake Bosomtwe → Kuntanase, Ashanti Region
20. Manhyia Palace Museum → Kumasi, Ashanti Region
21. Christianborg/Osu Castle → Accra, Greater Accra Region
22. Independence Square → Accra, Greater Accra Region
23. Parliament House → Accra, Greater Accra Region
24. Internation Conference Centre → Accra, Greater Accra Region
25. Kokrobite Beach → Accra, Greater Accra Region
26. Labadi Beach → Accra, Greater Accra Region
27. Fort William → Anomabu, Central Region
28. Hani Archaeological Site → Wenchi, Brong Ahafo Region
29. Fort George → Kumasi, Ashanti Region
30. Okomofo Anokye Sword Site → Kumasi, Ashanti Region
31. Kumasi Zoo → Kumasi, Ashanti Region
32. Owabi Bird Sanctuary → Kumasi, Ashanti Region
33. Fort Orange → Sekondi, Western Region
34. Takoradi Harbour → Takoradi, Western Region
35. Kwahu Scarp → Kwahu, Eastern Region
36. The Big Tree → Oda, Eastern Region
37. The Volta Estuary → Ada, Greater Accra Region
38. The Volta Lake → Akosombo, Eastern Region
39. Naa Gbewa's Shrine → Pusiga, Upper East Region
40. Whistling Rocks → Tongu, Upper East Region
41. Gambaga Scarp → Gambaga, Northern Region
42. Wa Naa's Palace → Wa, Upper West Region
43. Gbelle Game Reserve → Upper West Region
44. Grave of Babatu → Yendi, Northern Region
45. Larabanga Mosque → Larabanga, Northern Region
46. Salaga Slave Market → Salaga, Northern Region
47. Bui National Park → Bui, Brong Ahafo Region
48. Kintampo Waterfalls → Kintampo, Brong Ahafo Region
49. Tongo Hills → Bolgatanga, Upper East Region
50. Tengzug Shrine → Bolgatanga, Upper East Region

3 x 1 mark = 3 marks. 0.5 marks if no location given

(iii)

Challenges faced in the tourism industry in Ghana

1. External competition from other countries
2. Frequent changes of government
3. Lack of publicity and promotion of tourist sites
4. Inadequate skilled workers in the tourism industry
5. Inadequate infrastructure and facilities at tourist sites
6. Poor maintenance of tourist sites
7. Inadequate security at tourist sites
8. Inadequate funding for the tourism industry
9. Poor attitude of some workers in the tourism industry
10. Poor road network to tourist sites
11. Inadequate accommodation facilities for tourists

3 x 1 mark = 3 marks

(iv)

Suggested solutions to the challenges

1. Promotion of Ghana's tourist sites through media and international platforms
2. National policy to support the tourism industry to be enforced irrespective of changes in government
3. Regular training and retraining of workers in the tourism industry to improve their skills
4. Encouraging private sector participation in tourism development
5. Training and development of skilled workers in the tourism industry
6. Improvement of infrastructure and facilities at tourist sites
7. Regular maintenance of tourist sites
8. Enhancing security at tourist sites
9. Increasing funding for the tourism industry
10. Improving the attitude and professionalism of workers in the tourism industry
11. Developing a better road network to tourist sites
12. Providing adequate accommodation facilities for tourists

3 x 1 mark for each corresponding challenge = 3 marks

(i)

Science is a body of knowledge about the physical world acquired through a systematic enquiry and considerable mental efforts. The systematic enquiry involves observation, experimentation, critical analysis, testing of facts, reasoning and making of general laws concerning issues.

4 marks

(ii)

Technology is the process whereby through human ingenuity and creativity, scientific knowledge is applied to create tools and machines to control the environment and to solve problems that confront man. It is the practical application of scientific knowledge to control the environment to satisfy human needs.

4 marks

(i)

Problems holding back the development of science and technology in Ghana

1. Lack of technical know-how. Advancement of science and technology requires experts which are inadequately supplied due to less emphasis on technical and vocational education in the country

2. Most schools in Ghana are not fully equipped with science laboratories and reliable internet

3. The capital required for the advancement of science and technology are inadequately available. Capital is needed to mobilize resources such as sophisticated machines, tools and equipments for science and technology researches and advancement

4. Less emphasis is placed on science and technology programmes which makes it difficult to produce adequate technicians, engineers, researchers for science and technology advancement

5. Frequent changes in government divert government attention and resource from making appropriate policies and programmes towards the advancement of science and technology

6. There is poor coordination between research institutions and the private sector, making it difficult to commercialize scientific findings.

7. Complex regulations and bureaucracy slow down foreign investment and partnership opportunities for science and technology advancement.

Any 3 x 2 marks = 6 marks

(ii)

Solutions to the problems

1. Giving scholarship to students and teachers to study science and technology related programmes oversea and return to teach in the various technical and vocational institutions

2. Provision of fully equipped science laboratories and reliable internet in all schools across the country

3. Provision of adequate funding and investment and creating an atmosphere that will entice more foreign investors to invest in science and technology projects in the country

4. Making the education system more practical oriented and motivating qualified STEM teachers with incentives in order not to seek greener pasture elsewhere

5. There should be a national agenda on the advancement of science and technology which all ruling government should follow

6. There should be collaboration between research institutions and the private sector to make it easier to commercialize scientific findings.

7. There should be less bureaucracy for projects relating to advancement in science and technology

Any 3 corresponding solution x 2 marks = 6 marks