A map legend (or key) is the specific section of a map that contains a list of all symbols, shapes, and colors used, along with an explanation of what they mean.

A map orientation involves aligning a map with physical directions on the ground, usually by finding north using a compass.

Use of scale calculates the actual ground distance between two points based on their distance on the map sheet.

Grid referencing utilizes network lines (eastings and northings) to determine the exact coordinates or location of a place on a map.