Under the principle of separation of powers in Ghana, a bill passed by Parliament (the Legislature) cannot become functional law until it receives the formal signature and approval (assent) of the President, who heads the Executive arm of government.
While the Executive draws up the budget, the formal power to authorize and control state spending belongs to the Legislature through its power of the purse.
The system of Separation of Powers divides the government into three distinct branches to prevent tyranny, ensure accountability, and protect citizens' rights through a system of checks and balances.
1. The Legislature (Parliament)
The primary role of the Legislature is to serve as the law-making body of the state.
Making and Amending Laws: Debates, drafts, and passes new legislation or modifies existing laws.
Financial Control: Reviews, amends, and approves the annual national budget and taxation policies presented by the executive.
Vetting and Oversight: Scrutinizes government expenditure and approves presidential nominees for ministerial and public office positions.
2. The Executive (The President and Cabinet)
The primary role of the Executive is to implement, enforce, and administer the laws made by the Legislature.
Policy Formulation: Designs national development plans, foreign policies, and socioeconomic programs.
Maintenance of Peace and Order: Commands the military and internal security forces (like the Police) to protect the nation.
Governance Administration: Manages state ministries, departments, and agencies to deliver public utilities and social services.
3. The Judiciary (The Courts)
The primary role of the Judiciary is to interpret the laws and administer justice.
Interpreting the Constitution: Resolves ambiguities in the law to ensure all actions align with the highest legal framework of the state.
Settling Legal Disputes: Arbitrates conflicts between individuals, corporate bodies, or between citizens and the government.
Judicial Review: Declares acts of the Executive or laws passed by the Legislature null and void if they violate the constitution.
