(i)

Examples of stem tuber crops

1. Ginger
2. Irish Potato
3. Yam
4. Cocoyam

(ii)

Examples of root tuber crops

1. Sweet potato
2. Cassava
3. Carrot

(iii)

Examples of legume crops

1. Soya beans
2. Sword beans
3. Pigeon Pea/Peanut
4. Cowpea
5. Groundnut
6. French beans
7. Bambara beans

(i)

Main nutrient responsible for root and tuber development

Phosphorus

(ii)

Main nutrient responsible for formation of chlorophyll

Nitrogen

(iii)

Main nutrient responsible for development of strong stem

Phosphorus

(iv)

Main nutrient responsible for growth

Nitrogen

(v)

Main nutrient responsible for fruit development

Potassium

(i)

Grafting is a process in which part of different plants known as the shoot/scion is connected/joined to another plant of the same species known as the stock to grow as one plant.

(ii)

Benefits of Grafting

1. It changes varieties
2. It takes advantage of a particular root stock
3. It perpetuates clones
4. It produces certain plant forms/it enables effective use of a specific characteristic of plant
5. It repairs damaged plants
6. It increases growth rate of seedlings/early production of fruits
7. It enables one plant which cannot produce viable seeds to be propagated
8. It produces plants more resistant to adverse conditions/diseases

(i)

Management practices to ensure high yield in maize production

1. Fertilizer application (at the right time)
2. Controlling of weeds
3. Controlling pests/disease
4. Harvesting/planting at the right time/early harvesting
5. Application of lime to increase soil pH
6. Using viable seeds
7. Ensure correct spacing/planting density/rotation with other crops
8. Water/irrigation

(ii)

Explanation of how management practices stated in help in ensuring high yield of maize

1. Fertilizer: provides sufficient nutrients
2. Controlling of weeds: Minimize/reduces competition for resources
3. Controlling pests/disease: keeps the crops health
4. Harvesting/planting at the right time/early harvesting: prevents invasion of pest in the field
5. Application of lime: to give them required pH of the soil for maximum growth
6. Using viable seeds: to ensure maximum germination
7. Ensure correct spacing/planting density/rotation with other crops: to reduce/minimize competition for resources
8. Water/irrigation: to maintain good soil temperature/to help dissolve the nutrients

(i)

Distinction between grafting and budding

In grafting, the upper part (scion) of one plant is transferred to grow on the root system (stock) of another plant (of the same species), whereas, in budding, a bud from one plant is transferred and allowed to grow on another plant.

(ii)

Reasons for grafting and budding

1. To change varieties
2. To take advantage of a particular root stock
3. To perpetuate clones
4. To produce certain plant forms/it enables effective use of a specific characteristic of plant
5. To repair damaged plants
6. To increase growth rate of seedlings/early production of fruits
7. It enables one plant which cannot produce viable seeds to be propagated
8. To produce plants more resistant to adverse conditions/diseases

(i)

Water

1. Enables food materials to dissolve and diffuse into the embryo
2. Imbibition of water activates the protoplasm of the cells of the seed
3. Softens the seed coat/makes the seed coat permeable for gaseous exchange
4. Activates enzymes (which break down food materials)

(ii)

Oxygen

Oxidizes food in the seed (to provide the embryo with energy required for its growth)

(iii)

Warmth

Provides suitable/adequate temperature for enzymes in the seed to act.

(iv)

Sunlight

Stimulate phytochrome (pigment) in seed that promote germination in some seed/ a type of light can promote/inhibit germination.

(i)

Rainfall

1. For seed germination
2. For cooling plants/soil
3. For dissolving mineral salts for absorption

(ii)

Temperature

1. For seed germination
2. For drying of seeds

(iii)

Sunshine

1. For photosynthesis
2. For drying seeds

(iv)

Wind

1. For pollination
2. For seed dispersal

(i)

Importance of legumes in crop production

1. It fixes nitrogen to enrich the soil
2. It maintains the fertility of the soil
3. It adds organic matter to the soil
4. It checks soil erosion

(ii)

Advantages of crop rotation

1. It helps to improve soil fertility
2. It controls pest
3. It controls diseases
4. It ensures economic use of land
5. It checks soil erosion

(i)

Differences between hypogeal germination and epigeal germination

(ii)

(i)

Distinction between green manure and farmyard manure

Green manure is formed from leguminous crops or other (fresh) plants which are ploughed into the soil while they are still growing whilst farmyard manure is a combination of animal waste or animal beddings.

(ii)

Importance of organic fertilizers to the soil

1. It adds specific nutrients to the soil
2. It improves soil structure/ability of soil to hold water or nutrients
3. It improves soil aeration
4. It enhances the activities of soil organisms
5. It is cost effective
6. Threat to plant damage is reduced
7. It works slowly
8. It is environmentally friendly
9. It increases species biodiversity

(i)

Advantages of clayey soil over sandy soil

1. Clayey soil contains high amount of nutrients
2. Clayey soil retains high amount of water/moisture
3. Clay can be moulded into various shapes when wet
4. Clay is not easily eroded due to its compact nature
5. Clay does not heat up easily

(ii)

Symptoms of nitrogen deficiency in maize

1. Poor/stunted growth
2. Yellowish colourization of leaves/chlorosis/pale green leaves
3. Poor yield
4. Weak stem

(i)

Soil fertility refers to a soil that contains the needed crop nutrients (in right quantities) for propere crop growth.

OR

Soil fertility is the ability of the soil to support effctive crop growth.

(ii)

Distinction between major nutrients and minor nutrients

Major nutrients are food/chemical substances needed by crops in large quantities whereas minor nutrients are those food/chemical substances needed in small quantities by crops.

(i)

Soil fertility refers to a soil that contains the needed crop nutrients (in right quantities) for propere crop growth.

OR

Soil fertility is the ability of the soil to support effctive crop growth.

(ii)

Distinction between major nutrients and minor nutrients

Major nutrients are food/chemical substances needed by crops in large quantities whereas minor nutrients are those food/chemical substances needed in small quantities by crops.