(i)

Culling is the practice of removing all diseased/unproductive animals from the flock.

(ii)

Benefits of practising culling

1. Prevention of spread of diseases/promoting healthy growth of livestock/eradicating/eliminating hosts species/helps birds stay healthy
2. Reducing overcrowding/creation of space
3. Unproductive animals are gotten rid of
4. Reduction in losses that could have been incurred feeding unproductive animals/Economic gain
5. Improves growth rate of animals

(i)

Deep litter system is a management practice in poultry where large number of birds are kept in large room/enclosure covered with thick layers of wood shavings/straw/grass/foreign materials

(ii)

Advantages of the deep litter system

1. It makes management of large birds easy
2. Birds are protected from harsh weather conditions
3. There is less risk of predation and theft
4. It requires small space of land to operate/effective use of land space
5. It ensures effective use of labour/economical
6. It is good for commercial egg production
7. It is hygienic/safe to birds
8. It controls diseases
9. It increases efficiency of production

(i)

Reasons why goats are not normally kept under the intensive system of management.

1. Goats are normally very aggressive
2. Their growth rate reduces when they are confined
3. They are highly selective in feeding
4. To increase resistance to diseases (due to exercise)

(ii)

Diseases that affect rabbits

1. Coccidiosis
2. Mange/ear canker
3. Warbles
4. Calici virus
5. Common diarrhoea
6. Cold
7. Snuffles
8. Hairballs
9. Uterine tumours/cancer
10. myxomatosis

(i)

Identification is a sign/a mark made on the body of an animal for easy recognition/tracking of animal.

(ii)

Methods of identifying farm animals

Tattooing: An outline of a designed symbol or letter or number is pierced on the inside skin of the ear and a pigment injected into it

OR

Tattooing: an outlined metal with ink pigment is used to create designs or symbols or numbers into the subcutaneous tissues of the ear of the animal

Branding: A hot metal/chemical is used to create letters or numbers or design or combination of them on the skin of the animal

Notching: Blades/knives/scissors are used to cut a unique design on the edges of the ear of the animal

Tagging: Tags/labels of light metals embossed with numbers are clipped/fixed to the ear of the animal

(i)

Artificial insemination is a process in which sperm/semen is introduced into the reproductive system of a female animal using special device without copulation so as to impregnate the animal.

(ii)

Advantages of artificial insemination in animal production

1. It takes away the problem of transporting male animals from one region to another for breeding purposes
2. It ensures effective use of semen/sperm or it avoids wastage of semen/sperm
3. It helps to prevent venereal diseases/it helps in disease control
4. It helps overcome physical incompatibility between males and females
5. It promotes controlled breeding
6. It ensures fertilization of egg
7. One male can be used to fertilize thousands of females
8. It decreases chances of injuries

(i)

Oestrus is the period within the breeding/reproductive cycle of a female farm animal when it comes on heat/is ready to accept a male for mating.

(ii)

(i)

Exotic breeds are foreign/improved breeds of animals introduced from other countries/continents to improve local stock.

(ii)

Three advantages of exotic breeds of poultry

1. High egg production
2. Fast growth rate
3. Better feed conversion efficiency