(i)

Causes of ectopic pregnancy

1. Pelvic inflamatory disease/bacterial infection in the neck of the womb/blockage of the tube
2. Surgery involving the fallopian tube/pelvic area/female sterilisation
3. Endometriosis/abnormal growth of tissue of uterus
4. Heavy smoking
5. Genetic abnormalities/birth defects/history of ectopic pregnancy
6. Contraction/intrauterine device/system
7. Hormal factors
8. Fertility treatments/taking medication to stimulate ovulation/in-vitro fertilization
9. Scar in the tube

(ii)

Causes of infertility in men

1. Blockage of vas deferens/epididymis/defects in the tubules
2. Low sperm count/no sperms/high sperm mortality/abnormally-shaped sperm/inferior quality sperms/exposure to chemicals (or metals)/X-rays/over-use of electrical gadgets
3. Sperm allergy/some men have an immune reaction to semen which causes them to produce anti-sperm antibodies that damage their sperms
4. Surgeries on the testicles/vasetomy/hernia/prostate
5. Genetic defects/chromosomal defects
6. Health problems (tumours/diabetes/previous infections such as mumps/gonorrhea/STIs/spiral injuries/medication)
7. Ejaculation issues
8. Hormonal imbalance
9. Erectile dysfunction/premature ejaculation/reduced libido
10. Stress
11. Obesity
12. Alcohol/drugs
13. Smoking