(a)

Formal education is a type of education in which teaching and learning is carried out in specifically built institutions. What is taught is based on well-structured syllabus and timetable. Assessment is also based on practical and written works.

Examples of formal education

1. School subjects/Learning in a classroom
2. School grading/certification, college and university degrees
3. Practical training

(b)

Roles formal education plays in social change in Ghana

1. Abolishment of negative cultural practices and beliefs
2. Documentation of events
3. Adoption of official language
4. Mental liberation/changes in attitudes
5. Improvement in standard of living/Provision of jobs
6. Increased literacy
7. Introduced mechanisms for population control
8. Development of nationalistic feelings and values/National integration
9. Erosion of the extended family
10. Adulteration in Ghanaian culture

a)

Social change is a process of transforming the society to meet new challenges as they emerge. It involves encountering new cultural elements and new ideas as well as sudden occurrence of events that lead to social transformation.

b)

Positive effects of education on national development in Ghana

1. It brings about the documentation of events
2. It provides one official language for the nation
3. It helps to eliminate negative cultural practice
4. It promotes mental liberation/eliminates superstitious beliefs
5. It brings about improved standard of living
6. It enhances family and population control mechanism
7. It provides the ability to read and write/increases literacy rate
8. It enhances nationalistic feeling and values
9. It makes physically challenged (handicapped) people be useful citizens
10. It provides means of understanding other people's culture
11. It provides the grounds for tolerating divergent views

(a)

Difference between formal and non-formal education

Formal education is a type of education in which teaching and learning is carried out in specifically built institutions. What is taught is based on well-structured syllabus and timetable. Assessment is based on practical and written works.

But/Whilst/However/Nevertheless non-formal education is a system of teaching and learning which takes place outside the main system of formal education. It may have syllabus and timetable like the formal education. An example is the adult education.

Note: the use of the transitional words but/whilst/however/nevertheless is necessary to score the full mark.

(b)

Characteristics of informal education

1. Non-use of institutions
2. It is not structured by means of syllabus and time table
3. Non-use of trained teacher (Every responsible individual is a teacher)
4. Learning is measured by means of oral tests, quizzes and practical work
5. It is character training oriented
6. Most of the learning takes place in the form of observation, imitation and participation
7. The role of the teacher and the learner are not clearly defined etc.
8. Assessment is by demonstration
9. Medium of instruction is mainly through local language
10. It is meant for all citizens

(a)

Social change is a process of transforming the society to meet new challenges as they emerge. It involves encountering new cultural elements and new ideas as well as sudden occurrence of events that lead to social transformation

(b)

Ways by which education can effectively be used to bring about rapid social change in Ghana

1. It must be structured to equip the individual with knowledge and practical skills for employment
2. It must meet the needs of society, e.g. people with skilled labour and professional such as teachers, doctors, engineers etc.
3. It must suggest trend for the growth of society e.g. development of appropriate technology
4. It must lay the foundation for enquiry and creativity – equipping the individual with skills to search for new scientific knowledge/mental liberation
5. It must be made to develop in the individual sound moral attitudes that will promote character building.
6. It must enable the Ghanaian to develop a healthy appreciation of the country’s cultural values for national integration.
7. It must inculcate good citizenship in Ghanaians as a basis for effective participation in national development
8. It must enable the individual become conscious of his identity as a Ghanaian.
9. Education must take into consideration the population dynamics in order to make the necessary projections of the needs of the people.
10. Must help to improve the standard of living in terms of housing, health delivery, sanitation, transportation and communication.
11. Education must train people to assume leadership positions

(a)

Characteristics of formal education

1. It is structured
2. Learning takes place in specially built institutions (schools/classrooms)
3. It is systematic and methodical/uses scientific approach to learning
4. It uses professionally trained teachers to carry out teaching process
5. It is supervised
6. Learning process is evaluated
7. All activities in formal education are documented and strictly followed

(b)

Benefits of formal education to the Ghanaian society

1. It brings about the documentation of events
2. Provides one official language for the nation
3. Promotes mental liberation/Eliminates superstitious beliefs
4. Helps to eliminate negative cultural practice
5. Brings about improved standard of living
6. Enhances family and population control mechanism
7. Provides the ability to read and write/Increases literacy rate
8. Enhances nationalistic feeling and values
9. Makes physically challenged (handicapped) people be useful citizens
10. Provides means of understanding other people's culture
11. Provides the grounds for tolerating divergent views