(a)

Bi-lateral cooperation is the legal agreement between two nations on mutually accepted terms and conditions that facilitate the infrastructural development of the nations involved and increase avenue for general economic development.

(b)

Benefits Ghana derives from her bi-lateral cooperation with Nigeria

1. Promotion of trade between the two nations
2. Promotion of security between the two countries
3. Maintenance of people and harmony between the two nations
4. Improvement in the transportation systems between the two nations
5. Improvement in information and communication technology between the two nations
6. Acceptance and consumption of locally produced goods in both countries
7. Free movement of goods and services between the two countries
8. Exchange of research findings between member states
9. Educational exchange programmes between the two countries
10. Cultural benefits between the two countries
11. Promotion of political stability between the two countries
12. Benefits from energy/power supply from the two countries
13. Promoting friendliness/sense of belonging/brotherliness between the two countries

(a)

Distinction between globalization and international community

Globalization is a term denoting the emergence of a society in which economic, political, environment and cultural events in one part of the world quickly come to have significance for people in other parts of the world through advances in communication, transportation and information technologies.

However, international community denotes a group of nations having common/shared interests in specific matters such as education, trade, culture, sports, governance, etc. of which Ghana is a part.

Note: You must use transitional devices such as however, on the other hand, but, whereas, whilst, while otherwise you will lose marks.

(b)

Benefits Ghana derives from her membership with the Commonwealth

1. Financial assistance
2. Education and training
3. Participation in sports
4. Enjoyment of technical assistance
5. Good Governance
6. Economic assistance
7. Military assistance
8. Platform for international discussion
9. Exchange of rich culture
10. Employment opportunities

(a)

Globalization is a concept denoting the world which is coming closer in terms of economy and culture through improved technology and communication.

OR

Globalization is a term denoting the emergence of a society in which economic, political, environmental and cultural events in one part of the world quickly come to have significance for people in other parts of the world through advances in communication, transportation and information technologies.

OR

Globalization is an increasing worldwide connectivity, integration and interdependence in all spheres of life through mobile phones, internet systems and computers.

OR

Globalization is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies and governments worldwide through unregulated market economy using transportation and communication technology.

(b)

Reasons for which Ghana has adopted the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) initiative

1. Fostering good governance and institutional reforms
2. Eradication of poverty
3. Mobilization of resources/Increasing domestic savings
4. Empowering women
5. Promotion of peace, security and conflict management
6. Promotion of regional economic integration
7. Protection of human rights
8. Halting economic marginalization of Africa
9. Achievement of sustainable growth and development

(a)

New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) is a programme of action embodying the vision and strategic framework for Africa's renewal.

OR

New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) is a comprehensive document which contains African solutions to African problems.

(b)

Benefits African countries hope to achieve from their membership of NEPAD

1. Identification of current challenges facing African countries in their march to economic and political freedom
2. Identification of collective solution to common African problems
3. African leaders would be conscious of their responsibilities and obligations to their people
4. Promotion of democracy and good governance in Africa
5. Avenue for resource mobilization through industrialization and improved trade initiatives that benefit African countries
6. Platform for regional cooperation and integration
7. Provision of vision for African leaders to develop strategies for solving their problems
8. Becoming more effective in conflict prevention and resolution
9. Establishment of joint projects e.g. Road networks, West African Gas Pipeline etc.
10. Creating more opportunities for the empowerment of women

11. Eradication of poverty
12. Protection of human rights

(a)

Distinction between globalization and international community

Globalization is a term denoting the emergence of a society in which economic, political, environment and cultural events in one part of the world quickly come to have significance for people in other parts of the world through advances in communication, transportation and information technologies.

However,international community denotes a group of nations having common/shared interests in specific matters such as education, trade, culture, sports, governance, etc. of which Ghana is a part. It embraces all the people of that group of nations.

(b)

Problems associated with co-operation

1. Overdependence on other countries for assistance.
2. Aids from donors with conditionalities attached.
3. Withdrawal of aids when differences arise.
4. Stifling of local industries through trade liberalization.
5. Dumping of inferior goods on less developed countries.
6. Prices of primary commodities keep falling on the international market to the disadvantage of less developed countries.
7. Accepting of refugees from other nations with associated crimes and diseases.
8. Contribution of troops for peacekeeping duties with its attendant loss of personnel or human resource.
9. Payment of dues and levies to various organizations a nation belongs to even when faced with financial constraints.
10. People from other countries get free access to a country and may engage in criminal activities or spread diseases e.g. Ebola, AIDS etc.