(a)

(b)

Ways an individual can apply the concepts of independence and self-reliance for personal development

1. Identification of individual's potentials and weaknesses
2. Developing one's capabilities
3. Planning one's life
4. Being committed to whatever one sets to do
5. The individual must get a job/must be employed
6. Developing the attitude of savings
7. Developing the attitude of self-discipline
8. Judicious use of one's resources/budget
9. Developing positive attitude to work
10. Seeking guidance and counselling from role models and parents
11. Developing the attitude of self-determination
12. The individual should be hard working
13. The individual should use available opportunities to build self-reliance

(a)

Political independence is a situation where a country gains self-rule from a colonial master, thus entitling her to govern and rule herself. It makes a country to become a sovereign state and has control over her external and internal affairs whereas economic independence is the ability of an individual or a country to be financially self-sufficient and not rely on others/other countries for his/her economic well-being.

(b)

Responsibilities that the political independence of Ghana imposes on the government

1. Planning for the development and survival of the nation
2. Adherence to tenets of the constitution as the basis of rule of law/law abiding
3. Provision of formal education for knowledge acquisition
4. Ensuring political stability to provide stable environment for development
5. Development of good international relations with other countries
6. Provision of social amenities to citizens
7. Development of good managerial skills of the people
8. Promotion of programmes and strategies that lead to self-reliance
9. Developing effective maintenance culture
10. Ensuring national cohesion
11. Developing positive attitude to work
12. Efficient revenue mobilization for development
13. Contributing to community development
14. Leaders and followers must co-operate and exhibit commitment to duty
15. Protection of national resources from indiscriminate exploration
16. Protection of the territorial borders of the country
17. Avoiding dictatorial tendencies from external bodies and forces
18. Readiness to take responsibilities for government's actions

(a)

Independence is a situation where a country gains self-rule from her colonial master and governs her own internal and external affairs but self-reliance is the ability of a country to depend/rely mainly on her own resources for survival/provide for her own needs. It is where a country is able to produce most of her needs and has little need for aid from other countries.

The independence and self-reliance of a country or an individually are closely linked. For a country/an individual to be fully independent, the country or individual must be able to fully depend/rely on the country's or individual's own resources for survival/provide for his or her own needs without relying on other countries or individuals.

(b)

Measures that Ghanaians can adopt to become self-reliant

1. Identification of one's potentials and weaknesses
2. Developing one's capabilities
3. Planning one's life
4. Being committed to whatever one sets to do
5. The individual must get a job/must be employed
6. Developing the attitude of savings
7. Developing the attitude of self-discipline
8. Judicious use of one's resources/budget
9. Developing positive attitude to work
10. Seeking guidance and counselling from role models and parents
11. Developing the attitude of self-determination
12. The individual should be hard working
13. The individuals should use available opportunities to build self-reliance

(a)

(b)

Measures that can be taken by Ghanaian leaders to overcome the challenges of political independence

1. Development of human resources through education and training
2. Need to plan and sustain projects based on local expertise
3. Citizens must exhibit positive attitude to work
4. Government and citizens must be committed to strive for the best for the country
5. The nation should develop good international relations and avoid countries which hinder progress of the country
6. Diversification of the economy
7. Implementation of efficient tax system
8. Promotion of the use modern technology
9. Citizens must patronize made-in-Ghana goods
10. Leaders must discourage ethnocentrism
11. They must reduce over reliance on foreign financial assistance
12. Promotion of local industries
13. Promotion of democracy and good governance
14. Must ensure efficient utilization of natural resources
15. Promotion of industrialization

(a)

Challenges associated with political independence

1. How to develop human resource base of the nation
2. How to utilize human resource effectively
3. How to engage in international relations without compromising the sovereignty of the state
4. How to manage or eliminate ethnic conflicts
5. How to generate funds for development
6. How citizens would exhibit positive attitudes in society and at work places/e.g. how to do away with arrogance
7. How to generate employment for the people
8. How to ensure good governance and political stability
9. How to reduce high rate of illiteracy
10. How to diversify the economy and expand it
11. How to effectively manage/utilize state resources without waste
12. How to ensure political leaders do not amass wealth for themselves at the expense of the state/How to eliminate corruption
13. How to exercise political will to initiate and implement policies
14. How to apply modern technology for development
15. How to reduce the taste for and dependency on foreign goods (self reliance)
16. How to reduce emphasis on knowledge based education

(b)

Measures to take to overcome the challenges of political independence

1. Initiation and implementation of long term development plans
2. Drawing and implementation of comprehensive programme for human resource development/Reorientation of the educational system
3. The use of qualified and skilled personnel in job execution
4. Ensuring the effective utilization of managerial skills
5. Citizens must resolve and exhibit positive attitudes in life
6. Ensuring healthy but uncompromising relations with the international community
7. Leaders must exhibit the political will to implement policies
8. Transformation of the economy through massive industrialization
9. Maintaining the territorial integrity of the state by ensuring our boarders are safe from external aggression
10. Allowing the rule of law to operate freely
11. Citizens must ensure that the constitution is protected and not overthrown
12. Re-orientation of the citizens to understand that political independence means taking the destiny of the country into their own hands
13. Encouraging people to patronize made in Ghana goods
14. Promoting research and use of modern technology
15. Ensuring effective ways of generating funds for development
16. Ensuring the existence of law and order in the country

(a)

Self-reliance is the ability of a country to depend/rely mainly on her own resources for survival. It is where a country is able to produce most of her needs and has little need for aid from other countries.

(b)

Measures that can be adopted by the government of Ghana to make the country self-reliance

1. Restructuring of our educational system to develop our human resource
2. Encouraging production and patronage of made in Ghana goods
3. Developing positive attitudes towards work
4. Good policies and long term planning by the government
5. Encouraging savings/Capital formation
6. Adherence to existing population policy in the country
7. Encouraging the use of modern technology
8. Efficient tax system
9. Promotion of industrialization