(a)

(b)

Ways of sustaining democracy in Ghana

1. Transparency and accountability of the government
2. Freedom of the media
3. Free, fair and transparent election in the country
4. Free expression of views and interests
5. Independence of the Judiciary
6. Political awareness/Education
7. Application of democracy in both majority and minority interest
8. Majority consent/rule principle must prevail
9. Adequate representation of the people in government/regional balance
10. Respect for human rights and freedoms
11. Separation of powers amongst the arms of government
12. Checks and balances of the arms of government
13. Availability of job opportunities for the youth
14. Rule of law
15. Multi party rule

(a)

Nation building is the uninterrupted or sustained effort to maintain national unity and harmonious living to improve the quality of life of the people. It involves bringing the various ethnic groups together into one nation for socio-economic development.

OR

Nation building is the role individuals play in developing their country including the sustained efforts to maintain national unity and harmonious living which enhance the quality of life of the people.

(b)

Ways the practice of democracy contribute to political stability in Ghana

1. It ensures that the rights and freedoms of individuals are protected and regulated
2. It ensures smooth and peaceful change of government through elections
3. It ensures separation of powers with checks and balances/It prevents autocratic rule
4. It ensures freedom of speech and expression of all citizens
6. It allows for mass participation in governance
7. It promotes rule of law
8. It ensures both the minority and majority views are accommodated
9. It ensures equitable distribution of development projects
10. It promotes constitutionalism
11. It ensures press freedom
12. It allows for the operation of multi-party system with strong opposition to check any form of autocracy
13. It promotes independence of the judiciary
14. It provides an enabling environment for peace and security.

a)

Features of democracy

1. Rule of law
2. Separation of powers
3. Checks and balances
4. Recognition of citizens'/individual's rights
5. Existence of constitution
6. Recognition of opposing views
7. Existence of multiparty system
8. Establishment of independent democratic institutions
9. Political participation on the basis of equality
10. Existence of universal adult suffrage
11. Existence of independent judiciary
12. Intensification of political education
13. Existence of periodic election/free, fair and transparent election
14. Existence of independent press/press freedom
15. Independent electoral commission
16. Independent Civil Society Organizations

b)

Ways of preventing autocratic rule in Ghana

1. Prevention of hero worship and creation of a myth around a leader
2. Prevention of political sycophancy and political indoctrination
3. Existence of a rigid written constitution with entrenchment of fundamental human rights
4. Entrenchment of fixed tenure of office of the chief executive/periodic election
5. A vibrant and independent judiciary where members are appointed on the advice of Judicial Council
6. Existence of multiparty system with strong opposition to check any form of autocracy
7. Promotion of constitutionalism and rule of law
8. Vibrant and independent mass media
9. Ensuring the independence of the electoral commission
10. Professionalism of the police and military
11. Effective citizenship and political education
12. Participation of the people in decision making
13. Existence of active pressure groups and interest groups
14. Citizens must be patriot to defend the constitution in the public interest
15. Freedom of citizens to go on strike, demonstrations and civil disobedience

a)

Democracy is a system of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free elections.

OR

Democracy is a system of governance that derives its authority from the expressed opinion and will of the majority of the people through elections.

b)

Ways in which democracy is important for nation building

1. It ensures that the rights and freedoms of individual are protected and regulated
2. It ensures smooth and peaceful change of government through elections
3. It ensures separation of powers with checks and balances/prevents autocratic rule
4. It ensures freedom of speech and expression of all citizens
5. It ensures accountability and transparency in governance
6. It allows for mass participation in governance
7. It promotes rule of law
8. It ensures both the minority and majority views are accommodated
9. It ensures equitable distribution of development projects
10. It promotes constitutionalism
11. It ensures press freedom
12. It allows for the operation of multi-party system with strong opposition to check any form of autocracy
13. It promotes independence of the judiciary
14. It enables the nation to gain international recognition, respect and support
15. It provides an enabling environment for peace and stability

(a)

Rule of law is a legal principle which states that, the law must rule in all things. This means that all persons in a country are subject to the law and must obey the law of the state. No one is above the law. It also means the law is supreme over everybody.

OR

Rule of law is the supremacy of the law in the administration of the affairs of the country and that every person must be equal before the law irrespective of the person's position, economic, political and social status in life, gender or ethnic affiliation.

(b)

Ways of making rule of law effective in Ghana

1. Enforcement of fundamental human rights entrenched in the constitution
2. Safeguarding the liberty of the individual by the judicial system features mandamus, certiorari etc.
3. The judiciary must be allowed to be independent and operate freely
4. Citizens should be allowed to enjoy all their basic freedoms
5. Provision of basic social facilities to all without discrimination
6. There should be equal opportunities for employment to all in the public sector
7. Public education for citizens to know their rights and responsibilities
8. Resourcing the security services to adequately provide security and maintain law and order
9. Ensuring legal institutions work effectively for all citizens, e.g. DOVVSU, CHRAJ, FIDA, Legal Aid etc.
10. Ensuring the amendment of the constitution and other laws when the need arises
11. Ensuring there is press freedom
12. Existence of an acceptable written constitution
13. Promotion of socio-economic development
14. Tolerance of varied views

(a)

Nation building is the uninterrupted/sustained effort to maintain national unity and harmonious living to improve the quality of life of the people. It involves bringing the various ethnic groups together into one nation for socio-economic development.

OR

Nation building is the role individuals play in developing their country including the sustained efforts to maintain national unity and harmonious living which enhance the quality of life of the people.

(b)

Challenges Ghanaians face in their attempt at nation building

1. Political apathy or indifference: people do not show interest in issues that affect the nation.
2. Inadequate resources: This makes it difficult for all regions to access the national cake equally leading to complains and disgruntling.
3. Uneven distribution of development projects across the country leading to some areas lagging behind others in development.
4. Display of ethnocentric tendencies: the strong use of ethnic sentiments by some people turns to divide the people instead of uniting them for progress.
5. Bribery and corruption: The existence of the perception and reality of bribery and corruption in all forms does not augur well for building trust and confidence in leaders and state officials.
6. Negative attitude to work: The unwillingness of people to display positive attitude to work affects productivity and undermines nation building.
7. Lack of long term planning: Most of the times leaders fail to initiate long term plans for development. They engage in ad hoc strategies of solving problems and this affects nation building.
8. Mismanagement of resources: Most of our limited resources are not well managed to ensure sustainability. There is therefore wastage, misuse, misapplication and misappropriation of the resources.
9. Sabotage: Some bad and aggrieved people in the society may try to do everything possible to sabotage and destroy our national efforts at nation building.
10. Political intolerance: Unstable political atmosphere and unhealthy political rivalry among the various political parties are likely to affect national unity and nation building.
11. Destruction of state property: Willful destruction of state properties by wicked people through fire outbreaks, vandalism and stealing will have dire consequences on national budget and this will thwart efforts at nation building.
12. Illiteracy and low education: This leads to inadequate supply of skilled labour
13. Ignorance: many people are not well informed on important national issues

(a)

Democratic governance is a system of administration a state, a group or a community through elected representatives in which consensus building, adherence to rule of law, respect for human rights, accountability and transparency among others are the guiding principles in determining the direction and management of affairs.

(b)

Benefits Ghana derives from practising democratic governance

1. Protection of Fundamental Human Rights
2. Ensures peaceful change of government
3. Promotes good governance
4. Promotes grassroots participation in the affairs of governance
5. Prevents dictatorship
6. Safe destination for investors
7. Free expression and exchange of ideas/openions
8. Political stability
9. Ensures accountability and transparency in governance
10. Strengthening of democratic institutions
11. Guarantees equality before the law/Operation of rule of law
12. Enhances international recognition