a)

Peace building is the conscious effort to bring about an atmosphere of harmonious living within a nation/community/nations and communities through tolerance, cooperation, respect, etc.

b)

Reasons for which ethnic conflicts should be discouraged in Ghana

1. Wars, use of firearms and illegal proliferation of arms will destabilize society
2. Destruction of lives
3. Destruction of property
4. Displacement of people
5. Interruption of developmental projects
6. High cost of peace keeping operations
7. Creation of hardships, fear and poverty
8. Infringement on human rights
9. Insecurity, enmity, mistrust and distrust
10. Loss of international credibility
11. It leads to environmental degradation and outbreak of diseases
12. Results in low productivity
13. It leads to the destruction of infrastructure
14. It leads to slow pace of development/stifles development of the state

a)

Sources of conflict in the Ghanaian society

1. Land disputes
2. Injustice
3. Discrimination
4. Chieftaincy disputes and struggle for power
5. Display of ethnocentric tendencies
6. Greed/dishonesty
7. Stereotyping
8. Religious intolerance
9. Poor communication
10. Bad governance

b)

Processes one will employ to build peace in the community

1. Tolerance
2. Right conduct - living according to the standard set by the society
3. Justice and fairness in adjudication
4. Respect for human rights. The rights of all the people must be safeguarded
5. Compromise - parties involved to avoid taking entrenched position
6. Forgiveness
7. Consensus building
8. Efficient law enforcement system
9. Arbitration
10. Negotiation - discussion or peaceful dialogue with factions to reach agreement
11. Mediation - using an independent person to settle dispute between contending parties

(a)

Conflict management refers to the various methods adopted to reduce tension during periods of conflict or serious disagreement to facilitate resolution.

Conflict resolution is measures put in place to settle misunderstanding, disputes and quarrels between factions. Conflicts are resolved when parties involved are willing to discuss it because they want to make peace.

(b)

Causes of ethnic conflicts in Ghana

1. Chieftaincy disputes and struggle for power
2. Discrimination against other people
3. Negative attitude towards others/derogatory remarks
4. Influence of party politics
5. Suspicion
6. Unlawful claim of property
7. Land disputes
8. Injustice
9. Display of ethnocentric tendencies
10. Greed/Dishonesty
11. Religious intolerance
12. Poor communication
13. Poor governance
14. Stereotyping

(a)

(b)

Conditions necessary for peace building in Ghana

1. Tolerance: Accepting views, opposing views and ways of life of other people
2. Right conduct: Individuals must live according to the standard set by society
3. Justice and fairness: There should be no discrimination in accessing fair trial and in the distributing of national resources and wealth among the people
4. Honesty: dealing truthfully with others and admitting your faults when it occurs
5. Respect for human rights: All persons have the same rights and therefore the rights of all persons must be respected by all
6. Compromise: People should not take entrenched positions but meet each other half way when there is a problem or an argument
7. Forgiveness: people should cultivate and display the act of pardoning others when they are wronged
8. Consensus building: there should be general widespread agreement on issues to the extent that conflict situations become non-existent
9. Efficient law enforcement system: The police should be given the necessary logistics and they should be willing and committed to enforce and maintain law and order in the society
10. Existence of conflict resolution institutions: Institutions should be established and mandated to resolve conflicts before they escalate. Example is Peace Council
11. Constructive communication between and among people in the society
12. Agreement on set goals and objectives
13. Promoting good governance e.g. free and fair elections
14. Discouraging ethnocentrism