(a)

Distinction between parenting and parenthood

Parenting is the activity of caring for/bringing up and looking after children to become useful and responsible citizens in life/the society. Parenting applies to both biological and non-biological children. Activity of parenting can be performed by anybody both social and biological parents including elder siblings, baby sitter, orphanage attendants, grandparents, couples who adopt children, etc. Parenting continues when biological parents die.

However parenthood is the state of being a parent. It is the state of having children and caring for them. It involves biological parents only who also perform the activity of bringing up a child. Parenthood starts from the conception (when pregnancy is confirmed) till death.

Note: You must use transitional devices such as however, on the other hand, but, whereas, whilst, while otherwise you will lose marks.

(b)

Ways by which parents can perform their responsibilities towards their children

1. Provision of physical needs/Physiological needs
2. Provision of emotional needs/Psychological needs
3. Provision of health needs
4. Provision of educational needs
5. Involving children in decision making
6. Appropriately disciplining children
7. Spending quality time with children at home
8. Inculcating good guidance and counselling
9. Educating children on social values, norms and attitudes
10. Provision of spiritual needs
11. Security
12. Settlements of disputes among children
13. Provision of training

(a)

Parenting is the activity of bringing and looking after children to become useful citizens to the society. Parenting role can be played by people who have their own children, but it can also be played by people who do not have their own children but decide to adopt children or work in orphanages or teach in schools.

(b)

Ways in which parents show responsibility to their children

1. Providing their physical needs
2. Providing their emotional needs
3. Provision of education and training
4. Solving problems with children
5. Disciplining children appropriately
6. Satisfying recreational needs of the children
7. Providing their health needs
8. Serving as social/role models to their children
9. Providing spiritual needs
10. Settlement of disputes among children
11. Socialization of the children
12. Security
13. Allowing children to share in decision making especially those affecting them

(a)

Parenting is the activity of bringing up and looking after children to become useful citizens to the society. Parenting roles can be played by both people who have their own children and people who do not have their own children but decide to adopt children or work in orphanages or teach in schools.

(b)

Ways in which parents can show that they are responsible to their children

1. Provision of physical needs
2. Provision of health needs
3. Provision of emotional needs of children
4. Socialization of the children
5. Provision of training
6. Serve as social/role models to their children
7. Provision of spiritual needs
8. Settlements of disputes among children
9. Provision of formal education
10. Security
11. Allowing children to share in decision making especially those affecting them
12. Disciplining children appropriately