(a)

Benefits of marriage

1. Provision of companionship
2. Provision of grounds for procreation
3. Provision of mutual assistance
4. Legitimate avenue for sexual satisfaction
5. Promoting social cohesion/unity among families
6. Raising social status for couple
7. Provision of avenues for socializing the child
8. Provision of security and protection for the family
9. Checking irresponsible behaviour of the couple

(b)

Preparations that ought to be made by an individual who is planning to get married

1. The individual must attain adult age
2. Courtship and proper mate selection
3. Background investigation
4. Accessing counselling services
5. Acquisition of home management skills
6. One must be gainfully employed
7. Acquisition of accommodation and basic necessities
8. Acquisition of skills for home protection
9. Getting the bride wealth ready
10. Acquisition of formal education

(a)

Social change is a process of transforming the society to meet new challenges as they emerge. It involves encountering new cultural elements and new ideas as well as sudden occurrence of events that lead to social transformation

(b)

Ways by which education can effectively be used to bring about rapid social change in Ghana

1. It must be structured to equip the individual with knowledge and practical skills for employment
2. It must meet the needs of society, e.g. people with skilled labour and professional such as teachers, doctors, engineers etc.
3. It must suggest trend for the growth of society e.g. development of appropriate technology
4. It must lay the foundation for enquiry and creativity – equipping the individual with skills to search for new scientific knowledge/mental liberation
5. It must be made to develop in the individual sound moral attitudes that will promote character building.
6. It must enable the Ghanaian to develop a healthy appreciation of the country’s cultural values for national integration.
7. It must inculcate good citizenship in Ghanaians as a basis for effective participation in national development
8. It must enable the individual become conscious of his identity as a Ghanaian.
9. Education must take into consideration the population dynamics in order to make the necessary projections of the needs of the people.
10. Must help to improve the standard of living in terms of housing, health delivery, sanitation, transportation and communication.
11. Education must train people to assume leadership positions

(a)

(b)

Conditions necessary for peace building in Ghana

1. Tolerance: Accepting views, opposing views and ways of life of other people
2. Right conduct: Individuals must live according to the standard set by society
3. Justice and fairness: There should be no discrimination in accessing fair trial and in the distributing of national resources and wealth among the people
4. Honesty: dealing truthfully with others and admitting your faults when it occurs
5. Respect for human rights: All persons have the same rights and therefore the rights of all persons must be respected by all
6. Compromise: People should not take entrenched positions but meet each other half way when there is a problem or an argument
7. Forgiveness: people should cultivate and display the act of pardoning others when they are wronged
8. Consensus building: there should be general widespread agreement on issues to the extent that conflict situations become non-existent
9. Efficient law enforcement system: The police should be given the necessary logistics and they should be willing and committed to enforce and maintain law and order in the society
10. Existence of conflict resolution institutions: Institutions should be established and mandated to resolve conflicts before they escalate. Example is Peace Council
11. Constructive communication between and among people in the society
12. Agreement on set goals and objectives
13. Promoting good governance e.g. free and fair elections
14. Discouraging ethnocentrism

(a)

Nation building is the uninterrupted/sustained effort to maintain national unity and harmonious living to improve the quality of life of the people. It involves bringing the various ethnic groups together into one nation for socio-economic development.

OR

Nation building is the role individuals play in developing their country including the sustained efforts to maintain national unity and harmonious living which enhance the quality of life of the people.

(b)

Challenges Ghanaians face in their attempt at nation building

1. Political apathy or indifference: people do not show interest in issues that affect the nation.
2. Inadequate resources: This makes it difficult for all regions to access the national cake equally leading to complains and disgruntling.
3. Uneven distribution of development projects across the country leading to some areas lagging behind others in development.
4. Display of ethnocentric tendencies: the strong use of ethnic sentiments by some people turns to divide the people instead of uniting them for progress.
5. Bribery and corruption: The existence of the perception and reality of bribery and corruption in all forms does not augur well for building trust and confidence in leaders and state officials.
6. Negative attitude to work: The unwillingness of people to display positive attitude to work affects productivity and undermines nation building.
7. Lack of long term planning: Most of the times leaders fail to initiate long term plans for development. They engage in ad hoc strategies of solving problems and this affects nation building.
8. Mismanagement of resources: Most of our limited resources are not well managed to ensure sustainability. There is therefore wastage, misuse, misapplication and misappropriation of the resources.
9. Sabotage: Some bad and aggrieved people in the society may try to do everything possible to sabotage and destroy our national efforts at nation building.
10. Political intolerance: Unstable political atmosphere and unhealthy political rivalry among the various political parties are likely to affect national unity and nation building.
11. Destruction of state property: Willful destruction of state properties by wicked people through fire outbreaks, vandalism and stealing will have dire consequences on national budget and this will thwart efforts at nation building.
12. Illiteracy and low education: This leads to inadequate supply of skilled labour
13. Ignorance: many people are not well informed on important national issues

(a)

Distinction between globalization and international community

Globalization is a term denoting the emergence of a society in which economic, political, environment and cultural events in one part of the world quickly come to have significance for people in other parts of the world through advances in communication, transportation and information technologies.

However,international community denotes a group of nations having common/shared interests in specific matters such as education, trade, culture, sports, governance, etc. of which Ghana is a part. It embraces all the people of that group of nations.

(b)

Problems associated with co-operation

1. Overdependence on other countries for assistance.
2. Aids from donors with conditionalities attached.
3. Withdrawal of aids when differences arise.
4. Stifling of local industries through trade liberalization.
5. Dumping of inferior goods on less developed countries.
6. Prices of primary commodities keep falling on the international market to the disadvantage of less developed countries.
7. Accepting of refugees from other nations with associated crimes and diseases.
8. Contribution of troops for peacekeeping duties with its attendant loss of personnel or human resource.
9. Payment of dues and levies to various organizations a nation belongs to even when faced with financial constraints.
10. People from other countries get free access to a country and may engage in criminal activities or spread diseases e.g. Ebola, AIDS etc.

(a)

(b)

Roles of science and technology in national development

1. Makes possible to do reliable weather forecasting
2. Helps in the improvement in agricultural production
3. Enhances efficient communication and faster dissemination of information
4. Improvement in medicine and health delivery
5. Enhances faster and efficient system of transportation
6. Improvement in the industrial production
7. Facilitates improvement in education delivery
8. Facilitates improvement in trade, banking and commerce
9. Improvement in sanitation
10. Provision of efficient machinery for exploiting natural resources
11. Facilitates in harnessing the environment to improve quality of life

(a)

(b)

Positive behaviours employers expect of employees

1. Punctuality and regularity
2. Loyalty
3. High sense of duty
4. Respect for established authority at the workplace
5. Hard work
6. Discipline
7. Respect and care for organizational property
8. Co-operation
9. Honesty