Dispersion of Light by Prisms

Visible light, also known as white light, consists of a collection of component colors. These colors are often observed as light passes through a triangular prism. Upon passage through the prism, the white light is separated into its component colors - red, orange, yellow, green, blue and violet.

The separation of visible light into its different colors is known as dispersion.

Different materials are distinguished from each other by their different optical densities. The optical density is simply a measure of the tendency of a material to slow down light as it travels through it.

The minimum the wavelength of the light,the more the deviation.

The visible colors from shortest to longest wavelength are: violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red.

Hence violet has the most deviation and red has the least deviation

If a gene is found only on the X chromosome and not the Y chromosome, it is said to be a sex-linked trait

Because the gene controlling the trait is located on the sex chromosome (X Chromosome), sex linkage is linked to the gender of the individual

Male is made up of XY chromosomes and female XX

Females will have two copies of the sex-linked gene to have the trait while males will only have one copy of this gene to have the trait

Examples of Sex-linked Traits

* Hemophilia
* Red-green color blindness
* Congenital night blindness
* Some high blood pressure genes
* Duchenne muscular dystrophy
* Fragile X syndrome

Illustration

Let X^C be the gene for a X chromosome without red-green colorblindness
X^c be the red-green colorblindness gene

Red-green colorblindness: A form of colorblindness in which red and green are perceived as identical. This is the most common type of colorblindness. It is inherited in an X-linked recessive manner and affects 6% of males. It is also known as deutan colorblindness, deuteranopia, and Daltonism

Hemophilia is one of a group of inherited bleeding disorders that cause abnormal or exaggerated bleeding and poor blood clotting.

Hemophilia A and B are inherited in an X-linked recessive genetic pattern, so males are commonly affected while females are usually carriers of the disease.

An ecosystem is defined as any community of living and non-living things that work together

Biotic factors are all of the living organisms within an ecosystem. These may be plants, animals, fungi, and any other living things.

Abiotic factors are all of the non-living things in an ecosystem.

Both biotic and abiotic factors are related to each other in an ecosystem, and if one factor is changed or removed, it can affect the entire ecosystem. Abiotic factors are especially important because they directly affect how organisms survive.

Examples of Abiotic Factors

Abiotic factors found in aquatic systems may include
* water depth
* pH
* sunlight
* turbidity (amount of water cloudiness)
* salinity (salt concentration)
* available nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous, etc.)
* dissolved oxygen (amount of oxygen dissolved in the water).

Abiotic variables found in terrestrial ecosystems may include
* rain
* wind
* temperature
* altitude
* soil
* pollution
* nutrients
* pH
* types of soil
* sunlight.

Alkanols are alkane-derived organic compounds that have an alcohol (-OH) functional group bonded to them. An alkane is an organic compound that is composed only of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Alkanols can vary in complexity, but some examples include ethanol, propanol, butanol, and pentanol. These compounds differ from each other only in the number of carbon atoms they contain. Ethanol contains two carbons, propanol three, butanol four, and pentanol five

Alkanoic Acids

Alkanoic acids are alkane-derived organic compounds that contain the carboxylate (-COOH) functional group

Examples include ethanoic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid and pentanoic acid

Crops obtain most of their carbon and oxygen from the air. Hydrogen is obtained from soil water. Carbon dioxide is especially important for plant growth. It is taken up by the plant from air through pores in the green leaves and combines with hydrogen from soil water, to form carbohydrate and other plant substances by energy from sunlight by the process of photosynthesis

Out of the 13 nutrients taken from the soil, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium are used in large quantities and hence known as primary nutrients.

Calcium, Magnesium and Sulphur are needed in moderate to small quantities but they play an important role in formation of plant tissues. These are known as secondary nutrients

The remaining are needed in very small quantities and are known as micro-nutrients. Plants need 16 elements to grow. They get these from air, water and soil.

A lever is a simple machine that consists of a bar that pivots on a fixed support or fulcrum

A pulley is a wheel on an axle or shaft that is designed to support movement and change of direction of a taut cable or belt, or transfer of power between the shaft and cable or belt

The wheel and axle consists of a wheel attached to a smaller axle so that these two parts rotate together in which a force is transferred from one to the other. A hinge or bearing supports the axle, allowing rotation. It can amplify force; a small force applied to the periphery of the large wheel can move a larger load attached to the axle

An inclined plane, also known as a ramp, is a flat supporting surface tilted at an angle, with one end higher than the other, used as an aid for raising or lowering a load

Other Types Of Simple Machines

A wedge is a simple machine that almost looks like a ramp or an inclined plane. It is actually made up of two inclined planes joined together

A screw is simply an inclined plane around a cylinder.Screw has ridges winding around it. The correct term for the ridges (or grooves) around the shaft or cylinder is the thread.

Domestic rabbits are classified by four main categories and these are:
* Rabbit Body Type
* Rabbit Fur Type
* Rabbit Size
* Purpose for Breeding

Potassium cyanide
Potassium cyanide is a highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes.
It is used for gold and silver extraction, in chemical analysis, to make other chemicals, and as an insecticide.

Sodium hydroxide
Also known as lye and caustic soda is an inorganic compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations Na⁺ and hydroxide anions OH⁻.
Sodium hydroxide is used in many industries: in the manufacture of pulp and paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents, and as a drain cleaner

Hydrogen peroxide
A chemical compound with the formula H₂O₂. In its pure form, it is a pale blue, clear liquid, slightly more viscous than water
It is used as an oxidizer, bleaching agent and antiseptic

Calcium oxide
Calcium oxide (CaO), commonly known as quicklime or burnt lime, is a widely used chemical compound. It is a white, caustic, alkaline, crystalline solid at room temperature.
Used in large quantities as building and engineering materials (including limestone products, cement, concrete, and mortar), as chemical feedstock, and for sugar refining.

Centriole
A self-replicating, small, fibrous, cylindrical-shaped organelle, typically located in the cytoplasm near the nucleus in cells of most animals. It is involved in the process of nuclear division.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Is a biological macromolecule that carries hereditary information in many organisms. DNA is necessary for the production of proteins, the regulation, metabolism, and reproduction of the cell. Large compressed DNA molecules with associated proteins, called chromatin, are mostly present inside the nucleus. Some cytoplasmic organelles like the mitochondria also contain DNA molecules.

Mitochondrion
Is a membrane-bound organelle found in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells (cells with clearly defined nuclei), the primary function of which is to generate large quantities of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondria are typically round to oval in shape and range in size from 0.5 to 10 μm. In addition to producing energy, mitochondria store calcium for cell signaling activities, generate heat, and mediate cell growth and death

Endoplastic Reticulum
Is a continuous membrane system that forms a series of flattened sacs within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and serves multiple functions, being important particularly in the synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of proteins . All eukaryotic cells contain an endoplasmic reticulum (ER).Differences in certain physical and functional characteristics distinguish the two types of ER, known as rough ER and smooth ER.

An alloy is a substance made by melting two or more elements together, at least one of them metal.

Examples

Steel: the name given to an alloy of iron with carbon, usually with other elements, such as nickel and cobalt. The other elements add a desired quality to the steel, such as hardness or tensile strength.

Stainless Steel: another iron alloy, which typically contains chromium, nickel, and other elements to resist rust or corrosion.

Pewter: an alloy of tin, with other elements such as copper, lead, or antimony. The alloy is malleable, yet stronger than pure tin, plus it resists the phase change of tin that can make it crumble at low temperatures.

Brass: a mixture of copper with zinc and sometimes other elements. Brass is hard and durable, making it suitable for plumbing fixtures and machined parts.

Sterling Silver: is 92.5% silver with copper and other metals. Alloying silver makes it harder and more durable, although the copper tends to lead to greenish-black oxidation (tarnish).

Electrum: Some alloys, like electrum, occur naturally. This alloy of silver and gold was highly prized by ancient man.

Meteoritic Iron: While meteorites may consist of any number of materials, some are natural alloys of iron and nickel, with extraterrestrial origins. These alloys were used by ancient cultures to make weapons and tools.

Amalgams: These are mercury alloys. The mercury makes the alloy much like a paste. Amalgams may be used in dental fillings, with the mercury intact, although another use is to spread the amalgam and then heat it to vaporize the mercury, leaving a coating of another metal.

Load = 80 N
Effort = 120 N

Mechanical Advantage(M.A) = $\frac{\mathrm{80\; N}}{\mathrm{120\; N}}$ = 0.67

NaOH(aq)+ CH₃C00H(aq) → CH₃CO0Na + H₂O

Acid + Base → Salt + Water (Neutralization reaction)

Pressure = 50 Pa

Area = 2.0 m²

Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 10 m^-2

Mass (m) = $\frac{\mathrm{50\; x\; 2}}{10}$ = 10 Kg

pH below 7 is acidic. Lemon juice is acidic.

Primary consumer: organisms that eat the producers (plants) are the primary consumers.

The closer the organism to the primary producer (plant) the higher the energy. The last organism in the food chain has the least energy.

Molar = 1 moldm^-3

Molar Mass = 39 + 1 + 32 + 16 x 4 = 136 g mol^-1

Volume = 1 dm³

Mass = 1 mol dm^-3 x 136 g mol^-1 x 1 dm³

Mass = 136 g

Note: volume is in dm³ hence convert the cm³ to dm³ by dividing by 1000

500 cm³ = $\frac{500}{1000}$ = 0.5 dm³

Mass = 9.8 g

Molar Mass = 1 x 2 + 32 + 16 x 4 = 98 g mol^-1

Molar = $\frac{9.8}{\mathrm{98\; x\; 0.5}}$ = 0.2 M

Voltage = 2 V

Resistance = 5 Ω

Current(I) = $\frac{2}{5}$ = 0.4 A

When n = 2

C₂H_{2 x 2 – 2} = C₂H_{4 – 2} = C₂H₂