(a)

(b)

Reasons for which adolescent chastity should be encouraged in the society

1. Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
2. Respect and honour
3. Prevention of early Pregnancy and childbearing
4. Realization of educational goals and better job opportunities
5. Trust in marriage
6. Prevention of unwanted pregnancy
7. Responsible parenting
8. Avoidance of social stigma

(a)

Types of marriage practiced in Ghana

1. Customary Marriage

i. This is also known as traditional marriage
ii. It is a type of marriage contracted under the customers, traditions and practices that are recognized and accepted by the ethnic group or society of the woman to be married
iii. It is the commonest of all marriage types in Ghana and precedes any type of marriage
iv. It involves the consent and approval of both parents and families.
v. It permits polygyny

2. Marriage under The Ordinance

i. Is the type of marriage that is contracted in accordance with the laws of the state (Ghana) which is registered at the Registrar General's Department or court of law
ii. It is preceded by customary marriage
iii. It permits only monogany

(b)

Consequences of broken marriage on parents

1. It creates single parenting either the mother or father is left behind to perform major responsibilities of the children
2. It creates hatred between the divorced couples and their family members
3. Both or any of the divorced couple can suffer mental and emotional distress
4. Financial stress on the one left behind to perform major responsibilities of the child

(a)

Effects of land degradation in Ghana

1. Loss of soil fertility
2. Soil erosion
3. Destruction of plant species/Vegetation deforestation
4. Destruction of animal species
5. Desertification/changes in soil structure
6. Food shortage/hunger/famine
7. Flooding
8. Rural urban migration
9. Drying up of water bodies
10. Global warming
11. Pollution and silting of water bodies
12. Destruction of the environment
13. Air pollution
14. Diseases and infections
15. Sinking of the land (subsidence)

(b)

Ways in which the improper use of the resources of the environment affect the survival of man

(a)

Formal education is a type of education in which teaching and learning is carried out in specifically built institutions. What is taught is based on well-structured syllabus and timetable. Assessment is also based on practical and written works.

Examples of formal education

1. School subjects/Learning in a classroom
2. School grading/certification, college and university degrees
3. Practical training

(b)

Roles formal education plays in social change in Ghana

1. Abolishment of negative cultural practices and beliefs
2. Documentation of events
3. Adoption of official language
4. Mental liberation/changes in attitudes
5. Improvement in standard of living/Provision of jobs
6. Increased literacy
7. Introduced mechanisms for population control
8. Development of nationalistic feelings and values/National integration
9. Erosion of the extended family
10. Adulteration in Ghanaian culture

(a)

Independence is a situation where a country gains self-rule from her colonial master and governs her own internal and external affairs but self-reliance is the ability of a country to depend/rely mainly on her own resources for survival/provide for her own needs. It is where a country is able to produce most of her needs and has little need for aid from other countries.

The independence and self-reliance of a country or an individually are closely linked. For a country/an individual to be fully independent, the country or individual must be able to fully depend/rely on the country's or individual's own resources for survival/provide for his or her own needs without relying on other countries or individuals.

(b)

Measures that Ghanaians can adopt to become self-reliant

1. Identification of one's potentials and weaknesses
2. Developing one's capabilities
3. Planning one's life
4. Being committed to whatever one sets to do
5. The individual must get a job/must be employed
6. Developing the attitude of savings
7. Developing the attitude of self-discipline
8. Judicious use of one's resources/budget
9. Developing positive attitude to work
10. Seeking guidance and counselling from role models and parents
11. Developing the attitude of self-determination
12. The individual should be hard working
13. The individuals should use available opportunities to build self-reliance

(a)

Nation building is the uninterrupted or sustained effort to maintain national unity and harmonious living to improve the quality of life of the people. It involves bringing the various ethnic groups together into one nation for socio-economic development.

OR

Nation building is the role individuals play in developing their country including the sustained efforts to maintain national unity and harmonious living which enhance the quality of life of the people.

(b)

Ways the practice of democracy contribute to political stability in Ghana

1. It ensures that the rights and freedoms of individuals are protected and regulated
2. It ensures smooth and peaceful change of government through elections
3. It ensures separation of powers with checks and balances/It prevents autocratic rule
4. It ensures freedom of speech and expression of all citizens
6. It allows for mass participation in governance
7. It promotes rule of law
8. It ensures both the minority and majority views are accommodated
9. It ensures equitable distribution of development projects
10. It promotes constitutionalism
11. It ensures press freedom
12. It allows for the operation of multi-party system with strong opposition to check any form of autocracy
13. It promotes independence of the judiciary
14. It provides an enabling environment for peace and security.

(a)

Distinction between globalization and international community

Globalization is a term denoting the emergence of a society in which economic, political, environment and cultural events in one part of the world quickly come to have significance for people in other parts of the world through advances in communication, transportation and information technologies.

However, international community denotes a group of nations having common/shared interests in specific matters such as education, trade, culture, sports, governance, etc. of which Ghana is a part.

Note: You must use transitional devices such as however, on the other hand, but, whereas, whilst, while otherwise you will lose marks.

(b)

Benefits Ghana derives from her membership with the Commonwealth

1. Financial assistance
2. Education and training
3. Participation in sports
4. Enjoyment of technical assistance
5. Good Governance
6. Economic assistance
7. Military assistance
8. Platform for international discussion
9. Exchange of rich culture
10. Employment opportunities

(a)

The four levels of community found in Ghana

(b)

Ways by which the value of vision, initiative and drive are employed in community development

(a)

Ways of sustaining growth and development in Ghana

1. Development of attitudes of maintenance culture
2. Use of best quality materials in construction
3. Positive attitudes to work
4. Discouraging corruption and bribery
5. Regular inspection of public property and projects/Effective supervision
6. Proper planning and co-ordination
7. The use of appropriate technology
8. Setting our priorities right/Effective prioritization
9. Provision of education
10. Provision of skills training
11. Effective protection of public property

(b)

Reasons for which one will advocate for an ideal family size

Importance of ideal family size to the individual

1. It enhances the health of the mother and the children
2. It enhances quality upbringing of children
3. It enhances good planning towards future
4. It reduces burden on individuals

Importance of ideal family size to the nation

1. It reduces population growth to increase per capita income of a country
2. Minimizes over burden on government
3. It minimizes social vices in a country
4. It increases general savings in the country
5. It enhances infrastructural development in a country
6. It reduces pressure on facilities in the country
7. It helps to reduce unduly pressure on the environment
8. It helps the nation to achieve her development goals