a)

Self is the whole being of an individual taking into consideration his or her psychological nature and abilities. It is the sum total of the individual's perception, beliefs, feelings, qualities and abilities. Self implies what makes a human being distinct from all other human beings in a society.

b)

Reasons for which an individual should know himself or herself

1. It enables the individual to discover his or her potentials, strengths and capabilities
2. It enables the individual identify his or her shortcomings and correct them
3. It enables individual to make right decisions at the right time
4. It helps an individual to relate, interact and communicate well with others
5. It helps an individual to understand and accept himself or herself
6. It makes the individual build self-confidence
7. It enables the individual appreciate, assess and accept other people's perceptions, ideas and views
8. It enables an individual to accept others for who they are
9. It enables individuals evaluate himself or herself and plan for the future
10. It enables individuals know the appropriate approach to adopt to achieve set goals

a)

Examples of Ghanaian shared values

1. Tolerance
2. Hospitality
3. Perseverance
4. Diligence
5. Truthfulness
6. Respect for others
7. Modesty
8. Honesty
9. Selflessness
10. Humility
11. Peace
12. Resilience
13. Hard working
14. Love
15. Harmony
16. Justice and fairness

b)

Ways in which Ghanaian common values contribute to national integration

1. Prevention of ethnic conflict through tolerance
2. Promotion of democratic system of governance by respecting the views of others
3. Peaceful co-existence and good interpersonal relationship through selflessness
4. Promoting accountability, probity and transparency in public life through honesty
5. Promoting fair arbitration and reconciliation in settlement of disputes
6. Promoting respect and equality in society through humility and modesty
7. Creation of peaceful environment for tourism and investment leading to socio-economic development
8. Hard work and resilience lead to socio-economic development of the society
9. Love promotes good neighbourliness
10. Justice and fairness promote respect for human rights
11. Humility leads to respect and peaceful co-existence and reconciliation
12. Perseverance leads to will-power to achieve collective goals for society
13. Tolerance leads to peace and unity and social cohesion

a)

Courtship is the period during which the would-be spouses study each other to enable them decide whether each has the acceptable qualities, behaviour, and lifestyles that will enable them to live together as husband and wife.

Marriage on the other hand, is the recognized and acceptable union of a man and a woman in which the two had undergone all the customary rites recognized by the society and are legally bound together as husband and wife.

b)

Preparation that ought to be made by an individual who is preparing to get married

1. Adult age
2. Proper mate selection and courtship
3. Background investigation
4. Accessing counselling services
5. Medical check-up
6. Acquisition of home management
7. Must be gainfully employed
8. Getting the bride's wealth ready
9. Acquisition of accommodation and basic necessities
10. Home protection
11. Acquisition of formal education

a)

Social change is a process of transforming the society to meet new challenges as they emerge. It involves encountering new cultural elements and new ideas as well as sudden occurrence of events that lead to social transformation.

b)

Positive effects of education on national development in Ghana

1. It brings about the documentation of events
2. It provides one official language for the nation
3. It helps to eliminate negative cultural practice
4. It promotes mental liberation/eliminates superstitious beliefs
5. It brings about improved standard of living
6. It enhances family and population control mechanism
7. It provides the ability to read and write/increases literacy rate
8. It enhances nationalistic feeling and values
9. It makes physically challenged (handicapped) people be useful citizens
10. It provides means of understanding other people's culture
11. It provides the grounds for tolerating divergent views

a)

b)

Qualities that are common to a leader and a follower which must be exhibited for the achievement of societal goals

1. Cooperativeness
2. Humility
3. Loyalty
4. Patriotism
5. Tolerance
6. Selflessness
7. Boldness/courageous
8. Truthfulness
9. Positive attitude to work
10. Vision/foresight
11. Open mindedness
12. Ambition
13. Endurance

a)

Democracy is a system of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free elections.

OR

Democracy is a system of governance that derives its authority from the expressed opinion and will of the majority of the people through elections.

b)

Ways in which democracy is important for nation building

1. It ensures that the rights and freedoms of individual are protected and regulated
2. It ensures smooth and peaceful change of government through elections
3. It ensures separation of powers with checks and balances/prevents autocratic rule
4. It ensures freedom of speech and expression of all citizens
5. It ensures accountability and transparency in governance
6. It allows for mass participation in governance
7. It promotes rule of law
8. It ensures both the minority and majority views are accommodated
9. It ensures equitable distribution of development projects
10. It promotes constitutionalism
11. It ensures press freedom
12. It allows for the operation of multi-party system with strong opposition to check any form of autocracy
13. It promotes independence of the judiciary
14. It enables the nation to gain international recognition, respect and support
15. It provides an enabling environment for peace and stability

a)

Characteristics of a buoyant economy

1. Healthy growth in all the main sectors of the economy. e.g. agriculture, industry, etc.
2. Improvement in infrastructure. i.e. roads, hospitals, schools, electricity, etc.
3. Increase in per capita income that leads to better standard of living
4. Reduction in unemployment/provision of job opportunities
5. High literacy rate with increased enlightenment for better national decision-making
6. Advancement in technology in solving human problems in health, industry, etc.
7. Low population growth rate that promote economic development
8. Reduction in poverty as a result of available job avenues for creating wealth
9. Positive work attitudes and high national productivity
10. Increase in savings and investments
11. Peace and stability to attract foreign investors
12. Export driven economy
13. Efficient tax system
14. High rate of industrialization
15. High mechanized agriculture
16. Low cost of production

b)

Ways of achieving better socio-economic life in Ghana

1. Provision of high level of education
2. Acquisition of vocational and technical skills
3. Ensuring the existence of effective financial institutions
4. Encouraging increased saving habits
5. Providing good working conditions
6. Reducing population growth rate
7. Promoting positive work ethics
8. Creating job opportunities
9. Adoption of effective tax mobilization
10. Promoting good governance
11. Improving agricultural production
12. Provision of good security
13. Provision of social amenities
14. Promoting various kinds of investments in the economy
15. Practicing healthy life style
16. Building trust and confidence in people
17. Adoption of good interpersonal relationships
18. Ensuring good legal system